Pyrgus cinarae
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Pyrgus cinarae |
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| ( Rambur , 1842) |
Pyrgus cinarae is a butterfly from the family of the thick-headed butterflies (Hesperiidae).
features
The fore wing length is 15 to 16 millimeters. The upper side is very dark, mostly brown-black, on the forewings there are large white spots. The spot near the end of the cell is particularly pronounced . Two small basal spots and a number of discal spots are clearly visible on the hind wings. There are also large white spots on the underside of the forewings. The underside of the hind wings is usually olive brown and marked with light small spots. The female has a lighter upper surface with less distinct and smaller spots. The underside of the hind wings is light yellow-brown with pearly white small spots.
The spherical eggs, slightly flattened above and below, are pale yellow with numerous, coarse ribs that branch downwards.
The caterpillars are light gray to gray with a black head. They are very hairy.
The basic color of the doll is light brown. It is heavily frosted with a light bluish tinge; the basic color seems z. Sometimes still through or can be clearly seen at the segment boundaries of the abdomen . The black dot pattern can usually be seen clearly through the tires.
Geographical occurrence and habitat
Pyrgus cinarae is distributed in central Spain and from the Balkan Peninsula eastwards through southern Russia and Turkestan to the Altai ( Xinjiang , western China). The moths are found sporadically and locally at altitudes of 750 to 1600 meters in grassy, flower-rich places and on dry rocky terrain. The species is often associated with Pyrgus sidae , Pyrgus serratulae and in dry places with Spialia phlomidis .
The subspecies Pyrgus cinarae clorinda is native to central Spain . It can be found at altitudes of 900 to 1200 meters, where it populates flower-rich, grassy and bushy pine clearings.
As far as is known, the species is only distributed very locally in its range.
Way of life
Pyrgus cinarae forms a generation whose moths fly from mid / late June to early August. The females lay the eggs on the flower buds of the host plant. The fully developed egg caterpillars overwinter in the egg shell. They usually hatch in March of the following year. The caterpillar development extends over four larval moults until late May or early June. The caterpillars initially live increased in shells on long-stemmed basal leaves, later preferentially on stem leaves of the flower pods. Pupation also takes place here. The last stage of the caterpillar is very light in color. In Greece the caterpillars live on high cinquefoil ( Potentilla recta ) and rarely also on Potentilla hirta .
The moths of the subspecies Pyrgus cinarae clorinda fly from mid-July to the beginning of September and thus usually a little later than the moths of the nominate subspecies.
Systematics
Currently the species is (mostly) divided into two subspecies:
- Pyrgus cinarae cinarae , the nominate subspecies in most of the range with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula. The type locality of the species or nominate subspecies is in Sarepta ( Сарепта ) within the city of Volgograd ( Russia ).
- Pyrgus cinarae clorinda ( Warren , 1927). The subspecies occurs only in several isolated occurrences in eastern Spain. The type locality is near Cuenca (Spain). In contrast to the nominate subspecies, the upper side of the butterfly has a slightly yellowish base color and is clearly yellow on the hind wings. The male also has a yellow over-dusting on the top. The subspecies status is not recognized by all authors. On the other hand, some websites run them uncritically as a separate type.
The correct species name is probably cynarae suggested by Jean Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de Boisduval in 1840 . The most commonly used combination cinarae rambur was probably not validly published in 1839, but only in 1842.
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Lionel G. Higgins, Norman D. Riley: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . 1st edition. Paul Parey, Hamburg / Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-490-01918-0 , pp. 282 .
- ↑ Lu Xue-Nong, Duan, Xiao-Dong, Wang, Wen-Guang, Li Wei, Shi Hai-Tao, Gou Bao-Hua: A study of species and vertical distribution of butterflies in Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Chinese Biodiversity, 7 (1): 8-14, 1999 PDF ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ottokar Kudrna (Ed.): The Distribution Atlas of European Butterflies . 1st edition. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2002, ISBN 87-88757-56-0 , pp. 274 (English).
- ↑ a b c Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 , p. 281-282 .
- ↑ European butterflies and their ecology: Pyrgus cinarae. Wolfgang Wagner, accessed on January 17, 2010 .
- ↑ Sandy Grizzled Skipper (Rambur 1839). Fauna Europaea, Version 1.3, April 19, 2007 , accessed on December 14, 2009 .
- ↑ z. B. Encyclopedia of Life , Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ John B. Heppner: Dates of Selected Lepidoptera Literature for the Western Hemisphere. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society, 36 (2): 87-111, New Haven 1982 PDF ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Rienk de Jong: Cutting the Gordian Knot nomenclatural around Pyrgus carthami (Huebner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 61 (26): 371-385, Leiden 1987 ISSN 0024-0672 PDF
literature
- Lionel G. Higgins, Norman D. Riley: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . 1st edition. Paul Parey, Hamburg / Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-490-01918-0 .
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
- Ottokar Kudrna (Ed.): The Distribution Atlas of European Butterflies . 1st edition. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2002, ISBN 87-88757-56-0 (English).