UN Security Council resolution 425
On 19th March 1978 , five days after the Israeli invasion in Lebanon , which was Resolution 425 of the UN Security Council adopted, Israel to calling to withdraw its forces from Lebanon immediately and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) constituted.
background
Resolution 425 was adopted on March 14, 1978 , five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Operation Litani . The immediate cause of this invasion was an attack on an Israeli bus near Tel Aviv on March 11, 1978 by members of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ), killing 37 Israelis and injuring another 76 people. However, this attack was only the last and most fatal in a series of attacks that had been carried out from Lebanese territory (see also the Avivim school bus attack and the Ma'alot massacre ).
The declared aim of Operation Litani was to destroy the PLO positions in Lebanon south of the Litani River in order to ensure security in northern Israel.
At the request of the Lebanese government, the United Nations, led by the United States, sought a peacekeeping force for the territory Israel had occupied in order to bring about the withdrawal of the Israeli forces and restore the authority of the Lebanese government in southern Lebanon.
Resolution text
“The Security Council,
Taking note of the letters from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon and from the Permanent Representative of Israel,
Having heard the statement of the Permanent Representatives of Lebanon and Israel,
Gravely concerned at the deterioration of the situation in the Middle East and its consequences to the maintenance of international peace,
Convinced that the present situation impedes the achievement of a just peace in the Middle East,
1. Calls for strict respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized boundaries;
2. Calls upon Israel immediately to cease its military action against Lebanese territorial integrity and withdraw forthwith its forces from all Lebanese territory;
3. Decides, in the light of the request of the Government of Lebanon, to establish immediately under its authority a United Nations interim force for Southern Lebanon for the purpose of confirming the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restoring international peace and security and assisting the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area, the Force to be composed of personnel drawn from Member States;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council within twenty-four hours on the implementation of the present resolution. "
Non-official translation:
“The Security Council,
taking note of the notes of the Permanent Ambassador of Lebanon and the Permanent Ambassador of Israel,
Having heard the opinion of the Permanent Ambassadors of Lebanon and Israel,
Seriously concerned about the development of the situation in the Middle East and the consequences for the entertainment of the international one Peace,
Convinced that the current situation prevents the achievement of a just peace in the Middle East,
1. Calls for strict observance of the territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized borders;
2. Calls on Israel to immediately cease military action against Lebanese territorial integrity and to continue to withdraw its forces from all Lebanese territory;
3. Decides, in response to the Government of Lebanon's request to immediately establish under its authority a UN Provisional Force for Southern Lebanon for the purpose of confirming the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restoring international peace and security, and the Government of Lebanon to assist in achieving the return of his actual authority in the area, the armed force shall be formed by personnel provided by the member states;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council within twenty-four hours of the implementation of this resolution. "
consequences
The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon on March 23, 1978, just four days after the resolution was passed. Israel rejected the resolution and refused to withdraw as there was no international pressure to support the resolution. Israel expanded its occupation of Lebanon in a major invasion when Israeli troops occupied the capital, Beirut, in June 1982 (see 1982 Lebanon War ). Other major attacks against Lebanon took place in July 1993 and April 1996. (See Operation Accountability and Operation Grapes of Wrath).
In May 2000, more than 22 years after Resolution 425 was passed, Israel withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon. Previously, the Israeli opposition had exerted heavy pressure on the government, wanting to see no valid reason to stay there and await the Lebanese resistance attacks.
The Secretary General of the United Nations decided that Israel withdrew its troops from Lebanon with effect from June 2000, thereby complying with Resolution 425 (1978). Lebanon, however, claims that Israel continues to hold Lebanese land under its occupation, mainly at the Shebaa farms . Israel, however, says (with the approval of the UN) that the Shebaa farms are Syrian territory and are therefore not subject to Resolution 425.
Lebanon does not have extensive control over southern Lebanon, although resolution 1391 (2002) called for it and this was supported by resolution 1496 (2003). Israel has complained several times about Lebanon's actions.
Immediately after the withdrawal, Israeli planes flew over the Blue Line on a daily basis, penetrating deep into Lebanese airspace. Since mid-December 2005, the number of Israeli airspace violations has decreased. Israeli warships are also continuing to violate Lebanese territorial waters. On October 22, 2005, a Lebanese fisherman was reported missing. His boat ran aground in Israel and was returned by the Israeli army. It had a number of bullet holes. The IDF (Israel Defense Forces) stated that it had opened fire as a precautionary measure; however, the boat was already unmanned. Many other incidents have been recorded along the Blue Line, including gunfire and border violations. Both Israel and Lebanon have made multiple complaints about violations by the other side.
The Hezbollah , a Shiite paramilitary militia , the fact that sovereignty holds over a large part of southern Lebanon, continues from time to time to launch attacks on Israeli troops. Lebanon also calls on Israel to release the prisoners of war and to hand over maps of the land mines in the occupied area.
See also
- Operation Litani (1978)
- Lebanon War (1982)
- Blue Line (Lebanon)
swell
- ↑ http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2001/sc7113.html
- ↑ http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/lebanon/2002/0730quest.htm
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated June 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/07/sun.01.html
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated June 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
