Portuguese Revolution of 1383
| date | 1383-1385 |
|---|---|
| place | Portugal, Castile |
| output | Portuguese victory |
| consequences | End of the Interregnum. Consolidation of the independence of Portugal. Foundation of the Avis dynasty. End of the 1st phase of the Hundred Years War |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
| Commander | |
|
Johann I
|
|
.svg){kind=small}
The revolution of 1383 describes the events in the history of Portugal that led to the takeover of the Avis family two years later.
prehistory
On October 22, 1383, Ferdinand I the Fair, the last Burgundian ruler in Portugal, died. Since he did not leave a male heir and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrix was married to John I of Castile , Portugal should fall to the Castilian kings.
First, Ferdinand's widow Leonore Teles de Menezes took power as regent in Portugal together with her lover Juan Fernández de Andeiro . They were pro-Castilian, while the people of Castile mistrusted the promises of autonomy made by the Castilian side. However, John I had himself proclaimed King of Portugal, thereby breaking the Treaty of Badajoz , which ended the last Ferdinandic War.
procedure
In December 1383 there was an uprising of the craftsmen's guilds in Lisbon , which overthrew Leonore after only six weeks of reign. John of Avis , an illegitimate son of King Peter I and thus half-brother of Ferdinand I, led the armed uprising, brought Lisbon under his control and killed Juan Fernandez de Andeiro . With the help of Nuno Álvares Pereira , he was able to persuade other large cities to join the uprising.
The Cortes , the Portuguese aristocratic parliament, declared Johann von Avis to be the “defender of the fatherland”. The conflict between the nobility and royalty in Portugal played a role in the dispute. At that time the Portuguese aristocracy was on the side of Castile and hoped that John I of Castile would restore old privileges usurped by the Portuguese kings. On the side of Johann von Avis, however, stood above all the lower nobility as well as the bourgeoisie and peasantry . They feared that the incorporation of Portugal would make Castile too dominant and bring them ruin and servitude.
Leonore, who had been exiled after the events, asked her son-in-law for help in Castile. He saw the developments as a threat to his claims to Portugal and marched there with his troops the following year to enforce his claim to the Portuguese throne.
_-_Lissabon_Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga_19-10-2010_16-12-61.jpg)
While the Castilians were repulsed in the north of Portugal and attacks were carried out on Castile, in the south John I reached Lisbon with most of his troops on April 8, 1384 and besieged Lisbon with the help of the Castilian fleet. The Portuguese successfully resisted. When the plague broke out among the Castilians , he had to lift the siege and withdraw on September 3rd due to the high casualties.
The Castilians invaded again the next year with French support, while Portugal received reinforcements from the English. On August 14, 1385, the battle of Aljubarrota was decided. Under the command of Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese and English forces defeated the numerically larger and better-equipped Castilian army. In doing so, they used a tactic that the English had already used successfully in France at the Battle of Crecy and the Battle of Poitiers . After this defeat, Castile finally gave up the Portuguese territories.
Consequences
This defended Castile's claims to the Portuguese throne for almost two hundred years and secured Portuguese independence. The Cortes elected John of Avis as King of Portugal.
As John I, he was the first king to come to power in Portugal with the help of the bourgeoisie. After coming to power, he founded the Avis dynasty , which ruled Portugal from 1385 to 1580 . John of Gaunt tried to use the situation to assert his claim to the Castilian throne one last time, but failed due to lack of support in Castile.
England and France were now striving for a temporary peace, as they were tired of war and had realized that they could no longer change the situation in their favor. This was the end of the First Phase of the Hundred Years War.
See also
- Timeline Portugal
- House Avis
- Hundred Years War
- Ferdinandic Wars
- Siege of Lisbon
- Battle of Aljubarrota
literature
- Bailey Wally's Diffie: Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator . University of Nebraska, 1960 (English) .
- Bailey Wallys Diffie: Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. University of Missesota, 1977 (English) .
- Pero López de Ayala, Jerónimo Zurita, Eugenio de Llaguno y Amírola: Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I y Don Enrique III . Volume 2. Madrid: Imprenta de Don Antonio de Sancha. 1780. OCLC 457585252 (Spanish) .
- Edward McMurdo: The history of Portugal. Volume 2, 1888 (English) .
- Alphon Rabbe: The History of Spain. Volume 1, 1826.
- Heinrich Schäfer: History of Portugal . Volume 2, 1839.
- Luis Suárez Fernández: Juan I de Trastámara (1379-1390). Volume VIII de la Colección Corona de España: Series Reyes de Castilla y León (1ª edición). Palencia: Diputación Provincial de Palencia y Editorial La Olmeda SL 1994. ISBN 978-84-8173-012-8 (Spanish) .