Salamuri

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Salamuri-avant.JPG

Salamuri ( Georgian სალამური ) is a beaked flute that is played in many parts of Georgia in folk and classical music. The traditional instrument of the shepherds, formerly made of plant reed and now made of wood, is the most widespread indigenous wind instrument in the country. A longitudinally blown flute is called ueno salamuri . The archaeological find of a bone flute from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC is considered to be the forerunner of Georgian flutes . Chr.

Origin and Distribution

In a grave of the Samtavro monastery near Mtskheta , a flute made of a swank bone, open on both sides, was found in 1930, which probably dates from the 15th to 13th centuries BC. BC. The flute lay with pottery, clothes and other items in the grave of a 14 or 15 year old boy, presumably a shepherd boy. The smoothly polished surface speaks for a mature development of this flute type, which should have been known for a long time. The flute is 20 centimeters long and has a diameter of 10 millimeters at the top and 16 millimeters at the bottom. With three finger holes, the flute produced a range of a fourth . Malkhaz Erkvanidze recognizes in this find the earliest evidence of the octavian Georgian tone system, which is based on the descending tetrachords of the flute. The flute could possibly be blown at different angles and thus produce up to ten tones. The copy is kept in the Simon Janaschia State Museum in Tbilisi .

A similarly old Georgian musical instrument is the angular harp changi (from Persian chang ), which still occurs today in Svaneti , which together with drums (old name bobghani ) and a missing lyre (Georgian knari , related to Armenian knar , derived from Hebrew kinnor ) on bronze vessels from the 11th / 10th Century BC That were discovered in the Caucasus Mountains near Stepantsminda in the 1970s .

Today's beaked flute is spread over almost all of Georgia and, according to its origin as a shepherd's flute, is mainly played by men. Another very old Georgian wind instrument in the west of the country is the panpipe larchemi (in the Mingrelia region ) or soinari (in Guria ) with six pipes made of plant reed. Gudastviri (in Adscharien chi bonuses ) is the Georgian bagpipe . The duduki is a cylindrical, soft-sounding double-reed instrument corresponding to the Armenian duduk , and the pilili is a rare single -reed instrument that only occurs in Adjara. The oriental zurna was adopted as the loud and shrill-sounding bowling oboe ; The Georgian long trumpet buki also comes from the vast oriental region .

The shepherd's flutes in the region include the rim-blown Armenian blul , as its forerunner a 1000 BC. A flute made of garni and several bird-bone flutes from the 5th century BC , dated from the leg of a stork . That were found in Dvin . Finds of bone flutes with a core gap in southern Central Asia , whose descendants made from a short wooden or reed are called tulak or similar, are even older . Short shepherd's flutes with a core gap in Armenia and Azerbaijan are called tutak . They correspond in form and function to the Bulgarian swirka and other beaked flutes in the Balkans.

The longer, rim-blown flutes of the nay , tüidük type , in Georgia the very old ueno salamuri , also nestvi (the latter could generally mean “wind instrument” in the past), and in Abkhazia acharpani differ from the short beaked flutes .

Legend has it that the sound of the salamuri, once made of reed, is compared to the sound of blades of grass swaying in the wind that sprout over a fresh grave. Peasants consoled themselves by playing the flute in times of mourning. In popular belief, nothing, not even fire, should be able to destroy a reed flute. God is said to have endowed people with the flute, which makes the flute, the sound of which comes close to the song of birds, a heavenly instrument.

Design

The salamuri consists of a 23 to 26 centimeter long wooden tube with five to seven, today also eight finger holes on the top and a thumb hole between the first and second finger holes on the bottom. The hole spacing is two centimeters. An instrument with seven finger holes and one thumb hole produces the diatonic scale of one octave: b (or h), c ', d', e ', f', g ', a', b '(or h'). The range can be expanded by overblowing : c ", d", es ", f", g ", a", h ", c" ". With six finger holes the tone supply is: e ', f sharp', g ', a', h ', c' ', d' ', to be expanded by: e' ', f sharp' ', g', a ', h' , c '' ', d' ''. Walnut or apricot, which is carefully sanded smooth, is often used as wood. Salamuri of this size have a 1.2 to 1.5 centimeter large, rectangular incised blowing edge.

In East Georgia there is also a blown flute type with a length of 38 to 40 centimeters and the same number of finger holes, which is also called salamuri or, more precisely, ueno salamuri . The first hole is 13 centimeters from the straight edge and the hole spacing is three centimeters. The edge-blown flute is made of reed, elder or apricot wood. Overblowing increases the range beyond a diatonic octave. An instrument with six finger holes produces without overblowing: e ', f sharp', g ', a', h ', c' ', d' '.

Style of play

Trio Saunje with a salamuri , a panduri prima and a higher-pitched panduri tenor

The fingers of the right hand cover the upper holes and the thumb hole, and the fingers of the left hand cover the lower holes. Georgian musicians consider the beaked flute to be more challenging to play and richer in sound than the end-edge flute. Mostly male musicians play the salamuri . The melodies are part of the shepherds' folk songs. Often one or two salamuri of different pitches are accompanied by the plucked panduri, which is also preferred by men, and the tubular drum doli . The salamuri , which leads the melody in rapid tone sequences, is a permanent fixture in Georgian folk music ensembles and accompanies both lively dances and free-rhythmic, melancholy-lovely melodies that are sung at the table. Occasionally a musician plays two salamuri of different pitches at the same time.

The basis of Georgian sacred music and folk music is the two- to four-part polyphonic singing, which is performed without instrumental accompaniment or with the accompaniment of the panduri or the chonguri, which is usually played by women . At the beginning of the 19th century, western musical instruments came to Georgia and in the popular music of the cities the guitar partly took over the role of string instruments. In the second half of the 19th century, in the central region of Imereti with the cultural center of Kutaisi, new folk songs from opera melodies and Russian love romance developed. From the 1930s on, folk music was revived under socialist auspices in the Georgian Soviet Republic . the songs were musically simpler and pursued a propaganda goal. Instrumental pieces were now preferred to the previous, purely vocal music. New large orchestras with traditional instruments were formed in the cities. In contrast to these, small instrumental ensembles with the standard line-up salamuri, chonguri and panduri became popular all over the country . In addition to folk melodies, they also play pieces by contemporary Georgian composers and European classical works. The Tetnuldi youth ensemble from Svaneti performed with eight panduri and one salamuri in the mid-1990s . In addition to such larger ensembles with one or two flutes and several, mostly rhythmically inserted panduri , the line-up salamuri (or duduki ), panduri and kettle drum pair diplipito occurs.

literature

  • Nino Razmade: Salamuri. In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Volume 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, p. 368

Web links

Commons : Salamuri  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Malkhaz Erkvanidze: The Georgian musical system. 6th International Workshop on Folk Music Analysis, 15. – 17. June 2016, pp. 74–79, here p. 74
  2. ↑ Ekaterine Shoshiashvili: Ancient Folk Instruments: Santur. In: The V. Sarajishvili Tbilisi State Conservatoire International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony Bulletin. (PDF) No. 16, 2014, p. 15
  3. ^ History of Folk Music . International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony
  4. ↑ See Nina Shvelidze: Georgian Multistemmed Salamuri - Larchemi / Soinari. (PDF) In: Rusudan Turtsumia, Joseph Jordania (Ed.): Second International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony. International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony of Tbilisi State Conservatoire. Tbilisi 2006, pp. 407-412
  5. ↑ Victor Belaiev, SW Pring: The folk music of Georgia . In: The Musical Quarterly , Volume 19, No. 4, October 1933, pp. 417-433, here p. 420
  6. ↑ Ekaterine Shoshiashvili: Buki. In: The V. Sarajishvili Tbilisi State Conservatoire International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony Bulletin . (PDF) No. 17, December 2014, pp. 18–20, here p. 19
  7. ↑ Legends about Salamuri . Georgian Folk Music Instruments
  8. ↑ Nino Razmade: Salamuri , 2014, p. 368
  9. ↑ Vano Goderdzishvili, "Pesvebi". Youtube video (a musician plays two salamuri )
  10. ^ Susanne Ziegler: Georgia. In: Ludwig Finscher (Hrsg.): Music in the past and present . (MGG) Sachteil 3, 1995, Sp. 1277
  11. ^ Tamar Meskhi: On Georgian Traditional Music in the Soviet Period. (PDF)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 74 kB) In: Rusudan Turtsumia, Joseph Jordania (Ed.): Second International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony. International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony of Tbilisi State Conservatoire. Tiflis 2006, pp. 499–507, here p. 501@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.polyphony.ge  
  12. ↑ Joseph Jordania: Georgia . In: Thimothy Rice, James Porter, Chris Goertzen (Eds.): Garland Encyclopedia of World Music . Volume 8: Europe. Routledge, New York / London 2000, pp. 844f
  13. ↑ Joseph Jordania. In: Garland Encyclopedia , p. 833
  14. ^ Percussion musical instrument - Diplipito. Georgian Folk Music Instruments