Schela Cladovei

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Schela Cladovei (Canton) is a Mesolithic and Neolithic site directly below the Iron Gate . It is located in Drobeta Turnu Severin ( Mehedinți district , Romania ) on the left bank of the Danube on an early Holocene river terrace 6-8 m above the original river level.

Research history

The first excavations took place between 1965 and 1991 under the direction of Vasile Boroneanț. A Romanian-British working group headed by Clive Bonsall ( University of Edinburgh ) and (since 2007) Adina Boroneanţ ( University of Bucharest ) have been digging here since 1992 . The settlement is threatened by the increased erosion since the construction of the Iron Gate I I dam , which is seven km upstream, which is why a concrete wall was built in 2002. However, this is already undermined.

Mesolithic

The layers of the late Mesolithic date between 7200 and 6300 BC. Chr. ( Cal ). Over a hundred burials have been found here. Between 1991 and 1994, 21 burials were found right on the edge of the terrace, all of which date to the late Mesolithic. It is mainly about stretchers. They are usually oriented northeast-southwest. Ocher, fish teeth and pierced freshwater mussels were found as grave goods. Most of the people buried were healthy, had very robust bones and were very tall (average men 1.82 m, women 1.65 m). However, there were signs of osteoarthritis and the front teeth were usually badly worn. Signs of violence, such as parrying fractures , are common, arrowheads were found in two skeletons, two other arrowheads were close to skeletons, these may be grave goods or gunshot wounds to soft tissues. Isotope studies show a high proportion of fish in the diet. There is a hiatus between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic settlement , but the stratigraphic separation of the layers was difficult due to pedoturbantion and soil formation.

Starčevo-Criș

The remains of the Starčevo - Criș culture lie on the shore terrace for almost a kilometer. According to 10 AMS dates, they date between 6000 and 5600 BC. Chr. (Cal). The settlement is therefore probably multi-phase.

The pottery is coarse with chaff leaner and painted black to red, and an ornament with slurry (Barbotine) and coarse scribe lines occurs. The black painting consists of a manganese compound. The painted pottery was often polished.

Economy

The Neolithic diet was based on a mixture of farming, fishing, and the gathering of freshwater clams and other wild resources. Bones of sheep, goats, cows, pigs and wild animal bones, including aurochs, red deer, roe deer and wild boar, as well as fish scraps were found

A content analysis of the ceramics could detect fat from ruminants and non-ruminants, fish fat only in section VI. Residues of milk fat were also detected.

The stone tools consist mainly of local quartz , isolated obsidian finds prove extensive trade contacts with northern Hungary (Carpathian I).

Later finds

Finds from the Iron Age and the Middle Ages are sparse.

Coordinates: 44 ° 37 ′ 46 ″  N , 22 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ González-Fortes, G., Jones, E. R, Lightfoot E., Bonsall, Clive, Lazar, C., Grandal-d'Anglade, A., Garralda, MD, Drak, L., Siska, V., Simalcsik, A., Boroneanţ, Adina, Vidal Romaní, JR, Vaqueiro Rodríguez, M., Arias, P., Pinhasi, Ron, Manica, A., Hofreiter, M. 2017. Palaeogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin. Current Biology 27/12, 1801. doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2017.05.023.
  2. ↑ Boroneanţ Alina, Bonsall, Clive. 2013, 1965–1968 excavations at Schela Cladovei (Romania) revisited. In Elisabetta Starnini (Ed.), Unconformist Archeology, Papers in Honor of Paolo Biagi. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2528, Oxford, Archaeopress, 35-54.
  3. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 56-57
  4. ↑ Cramp, Lucy JE, Ethier, J., Urem-Koutsou, D, Bonsall, Clive, Borić, Dušan, Boroneanţ, Alina, Evershed, Richard P., Perić Slavića, Roffet-Salque, Mélanie, Whelton, HL, Ivanova, Maria 2019. Regional diversity in subsistence among early farmers in Southeast Europe revealed by archaeological organic residues. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, Supplementary material
  5. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 56-57
  6. ↑ Vasile Boroneanţ et al. 1991, A Mesolithic burial area at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Bintz, PA Thévenin (ed.) 1999, L'Europe des Derniers Chasseurs: Épipaléolithique et Mésolithique. Actes du 5e colloque international UISPP, commission XII, Grenoble, September 18-23, 1995 . Paris, Éditions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques 1999, 85–390
  7. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 58
  8. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 58
  9. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 59
  10. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 60
  11. ↑ Adina Boroneanţ 2013, Death on the Danube: Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Clive Bonsall, Lolita Nikolova (Eds.), Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neolithic (FS Comșa). Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Sciences 2013, 69
  12. ↑ László Bartosiewicz, Vasile Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall, Sue Stallibrass 2006 Size Ranges of Prehistoric Cattle and Pig at Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates Region, Romania.) Analele Banatului , SN 14, 27
  13. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman , Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, 6287
  14. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman, Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, 6288
  15. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman, Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, 6299
  16. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman, Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, fig. 2
  17. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman, Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, 6294
  18. ↑ László Bartosiewicz, Vasile Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall, Sue Stallibrass, Size Ranges of Prehistoric Cattle and Pig at Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates Region, Romania). Analele Banatului , SN 14, 2006
  19. ↑ Laszlo Bartosiewicz, Boroneanţ Vasile, Bonsall Clive, Stallibrass, Sue. 2001 New data on the prehistoric fauna of the Iron Gates: a case study from Schela Cladovei, Romania. In: Robert Kertész, Janosz Makkay (eds.), From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: proceedings of the International Archaeological conference held in the Damjanich Museum of Szolnok, September 22-27, 1996. Budapest, Archaeolingua, 15-21.
  20. ↑ Michela Spataro, Miriam Cubas, Oliver E. Craig, John C. Chapman, Adina Boroneanţ, Clive Bonsall 2019. Production and function of Neolithic black-painted pottery from Schela Cladovei (Iron Gates, Romania). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, 6301
  21. ↑ Cramp, Lucy JE, Ethier, J., Urem-Koutsou, D, Bonsall, Clive, Borić, Dusan, Boroneanţ, Alina, Evershed, Richard P., Perić Slavica, Roffet-Salque Mélanie, Whelton, HL, Ivanova, Maria 2019. Regional diversity in subsistence among early farmers in Southeast Europe revealed by archaeological organic residues. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 2018-2347
  22. ↑ Craig Oliver E., Chapman John, Heron, C., Willis, L., Bartosiewicz, Laszlo, Taylor, G., Whittle Alistair, Collins M. 2005, Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods? Antiquity 79, 882-894