Scraper
Scraper instruments , also scrapers , are idiophones (self-clinkers) whose sound is generated by scraping on a toothed or strongly corrugated surface. A non-sounding stick strokes a toothed or grooved sounding body so that it is snapped one after the other against the upper edges of the teeth or notches. Conversely, a sounding body can also run over a toothed non-sounding body to produce a series of blows in the same way. Ratchets , also known as scraping wheels, are scraping instruments in which teeth on a rotating axis make elastic tongues snap.
According to the Hornbostel-Sachs system, scrap instruments are classified as (indirectly) beaten idiophones. They differ from friction idiophones such as the glass harmonica , in which the tone is achieved by friction on a rather smooth surface, and plucked idiophones , in which elastic lamellae are plucked.
In Michoacán in central Mexico, several bones from pre-Hispanic times were found that are notched across and apparently served as a scraper. They were called in Nahuatl , the language of the Aztecs , omichicahuaztli (from omitl , "bones", and chicahuaztli , "strength, power", or chicahua , "to become strong") and were also found in other Central American cultures. They were made from animal or human thigh bones and were used in various rituals (fertility cults and burial ceremonies). One of the most famous Mesoamerican musical instrument finds is a nineteen-notched thighbone from the 16th century that belonged to an adult male. The ayotl turtle shell , which is still used in Central America today, is just as old and is rubbed or struck with a deer antler stick .
Simple scraper instruments are made from notched bamboo tubes. The oldest representatives of this type of instrument are hollow animal figures with a notched top that are common in East Asia.
- Güira , toothed metal tube in Latin America
- Güiro , elongated corrugated hollow body in Central America
- Kagul , Filipino bamboo scraper
- Sound frog , a scrap instrument from East Asia in the form of a frog, which is mainly offered as a children's toy
- Kokkara , sheet metal sheet bent into a not completely closed cylinder, the grooved longitudinal edges of which are painted with a metal rod. Used in ritual music of Tamil Nadu , South India.
- Mphongwa in the music tradition of the Wagogo in central Tanzania: two women sit opposite each other at the ends of a wooden beam lying on the floor and each stroke a large wooden spoon vigorously over its rough surface to announce circumcision rituals .
- Reco-reco , different corrugated tubes made of metal, wood or bamboo in Brazilian music
- Sapo cubana, a bamboo shredder in Cuba and Brazil similar to Güiro
- Scetavajasse , in southern Italian folk music a notched and a smooth wooden stick
- Sênh tiền , a combination of scrapboard and rattle with cymbals in Vietnam, used by women in ceremonies
- Scratchy , old Chinese scrap instrument made of wood in the shape of a lying tiger
- Surizasara (摺 り ざ さ ら ), also bōsasara (棒 さ さ ら ). In Japan, a bamboo cane cut lengthways into thin strips like a broom is usually brushed at right angles over a grooved wooden stick.
- Washboard
A stringed instrument that is operated like a scraper is the xizambi mouth bow played by the Tsonga in Mozambique and South Africa . Because the string is not plucked or struck, but the string carrier, which is notched on the side, is rubbed with a stick, the instrument belongs to the scraping bows. The rapid pendulum motion of the rod also stimulates the rattling of vessels attached to it . Membranophones , the membrane of which is not struck, but stimulated by the friction of a rod, are friction drums .
literature
- EH Hawley: Distribution of the Notched Rattle. In: American Anthropologist, Vol. 11, No. 11, Nov. 1898, pp. 344-346
- Gisa Jähnichen: Idiophones: Scraped Instruments In: Janet Sturman (Ed.): The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. Volume 3: G – M, SAGE Publications, London 2019, pp. 1135–1138
- Scraper . In: Sibyl Marcuse : Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. A complete, authoritative encyclopedia of instruments throughout the world. Country Life Limited, London 1966, p. 464
- Scraping instruments. In: Curt Sachs : Real Lexicon of Musical Instruments, at the same time a polyglossary for the entire field of instruments . Julius Bard, Berlin 1913, pp. 338f
Individual evidence
- ↑ J. Richard Häfer: Omichicahuaztli. In: Grove Music Online, May 25, 2016
- ↑ Davide Domenici: The wandering “Leg of an Indian King”. The cultural biography of a friction idiophone now in the Pigorini Museum in Rome, Italy. In: Journal de la Société des américanistes, Vol. 102, No. 1, 2016, pp. 79-104
- ↑ Ayotl. In: Sibyl Marcuse, 1966, p. 27
- ^ EH Hawley, 1898, p. 345
- ↑ pbase.com (figure Kokkara)
- ↑ Kedmon Mapana: Changes in performance Styles: A Case Study of "Muheme", a musical tradition of the Wagogo of Dodoma, Tanzania. In: Journal of African Cultural Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, ( Performing (In) Everyday Life ) June 2007, pp. 81–93, here p. 85
- ↑ David W. Hughes: Sasara. In: Grove Music Online, February 11, 2013