Wading birds

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Wading birds

Obsolete systematic group

The taxon dealt with here is not part of the systematics presented in the German-language Wikipedia. More information can be found in the article text.

White stork with young birds

White stork with young birds

Systematics
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
Class : Birds (aves)
Subclass : New-jawed birds (Neognathae)
Polyphyletic taxon :
Order : Wading birds
Scientific name
Ciconiiformes
Bonaparte , 1854

The wading birds (Ciconiiformes Bonaparte , 1854), also called storks or waders , are a traditional order of the subclass of the new-jawed birds (Neognathae), the storks (Ciconiidae), the herons (Ardeidae), the ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae), the shoebill (Balaenicipitidae) and the hammer head (Scopidae). After a revision of the bird system based on molecular data , the Ciconiiformes now only contain the storks.

Appearance and way of life

Common features of the "walking birds" were their relatively large stature, their long, stilt-like legs and their associated way of life, slowly striding open terrain or flat, standing inland waters to search for animal food or waiting there in wait for an opportunity to catch prey , whereby rapid changes of location are carried out on the fly. According to new findings, such a habitus and such a way of foraging for food are not compelling signs of a direct relationship between bird families to which these characteristics apply (e.g. between storks and herons ). Instead, these characteristics evidently emerged several times independently of one another ( convergent ) in bird families that are not genetically directly related to one another .

Revised system

Charles gald Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist studied the relationships of birds using DNA hybridization and came to a very broad wording of Ciconiiformes, which also Charadriiformes (Charadriiformes), raptors (then Falconiformes), grebes (Podicipediformes) Flamingos (Phoenicopterus), Pelecaniformes (Pelecaniformes), penguins (Sphenisciformes), loons (Gaviiformes) and tube noses (Procellariiformes) included. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy , however, did not find general acceptance. Only the assignment of the New World Vultures (Cathartidae) was accepted by many scientists.

In the 1990s, DNA hybridization was replaced by DNA sequencing , which enables the direct comparison of DNA from the cell nucleus or the mitochondria ( mtDNA ). Recent analyzes based on this method show that herons, ibises and spoonbills, the shoebill and the hammer head are more closely related to the pelicans than to the storks. Since these results were widely accepted by ornithologists, the taxa mentioned were consequently assigned to the Pelecaniformes , and the Ciconiiformes are now monotypic with only one remaining family, the storks. The New World vultures have been assigned to the newly defined birds of prey (Accipitriformes).

The likely family relationships are shown in the following cladogram. The taxa traditionally assigned to the walking birds are highlighted in bold (topology according to Hackett et al. (2008), taxon names according to Chesser et al. (2011)):


  Ciconiiformes  

 Storks  (Ciconiidae)


   

 Suliformes  ( cormorants ,  frigate birds ,  boobies  etc.)


  Pelecaniformes  


 Herons  (Ardeidae)


   

 Ibises and spoonbills  (Threskiornithidae)



   

 Hammer head  ( Scopus )


   

 Pelicans  ( pelecanus )


   

 Shoebill  ( balaeniceps )







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  1. ↑ Charles Gald Sibley, Jon Edward Ahlquist, Burt L. Monroe Jr .: A classification of the living Birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. The Auk. Vol. 105, No. 3, 1988, pp. 409-423
  2. ↑ Charles gald Sibley, Jon Edward Ahlquist: Phylogeny and Classification of Birds - A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1990.
  3. ↑ Per GP Ericson, Cajsa L. Anderson, Tom Britton, Andrzej Elzanowski, Ulf S. Johansson, Mari Källersjö, Jan I. Ohlson, Thomas J. Parsons, Dario Zuccon, Gerald Mayr: Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2006, pp. 543-547, doi : 10.1098 / rsbl.2006.0523
  4. ↑ a b Shannon J. Hackett, Rebecca T. Kimball, Sushma Reddy, Rauri CK Bowie, Edward L. Braun, Michael J. Braun, Jena L. Chojnowski, W. Andrew Cox, Kin-Lan Han, John Harshman, Christopher J. Huddleston, Ben D. Marks, Kathleen J. Miglia, William S. Moore, Frederick H. Sheldon, David W. Steadman, Christopher C. Witt, Tamaki Yuri: A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History . Science. Vol. 320, No. 5884, 2008, pp. 1763-1768, doi : 10.1126 / science.1157704
  5. ^ Frank Gill, Minturn Wright: Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7136-7904-2
  6. ^ Raptors ( Memento of May 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). IOC World Bird List
  7. ↑ a b R. Terry Chesser, Richard C. Banks, Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, JV Remsen, Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker: Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds. The Auk. Vol. 127, No. 3, 2011, pp. 726-744, doi : 10.1525 / auk.2010.127.3.726 ; see also AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (North & Middle America) 2009-2010 Proposals

Web links

Commons : Wading Birds  - Collection of images, videos and audio files