Pelecaniformes
| Pelecaniformes | ||||||||||||
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Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pelecaniformes | ||||||||||||
| Sharpe , 1891 |
The Pelecaniformes are an order of birds to which the pelicans (Pelecanidae), the shoebill ( Balaeniceps rex ), the hammerhead ( Scopus umbretta ), the herons (Ardeidae), as well as the ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) belong.
Until a few years ago the order had an almost completely different composition and in addition to the pelicans, the gannets (Sulidae), the frigate birds (Fregatidae), the tropical birds (Phaethontidae), the cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) and the darter (Anhingidae) were placed in the Pelecaniformes . In this composition, the Pelecaniformes were called in the German rudder , after the structure of the feet, in which all four toes are connected by a web of webs. The similarities between pelicans and the other families are based solely on convergence , however , molecular biological findings such as DNA comparisons of mitochondrial and nuclear (in the cell nucleus ) DNA clearly speak against a relationship.
The closest relatives of the pelicans, on the other hand, are the shoebill ( Balaeniceps rex ) and the hammerhead ( Scopus umbretta ), two birds that are native to tropical Africa and are classed as walking birds (Ciconiiformes) in the traditional system. Sister group of the clade formed by all three taxa are the herons (Ardeidae) and the ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae). Sister group of the clade formed by all five taxa are the remaining copepods. In order to get back to monophyletic taxa, the International Ornithological Committee assigns all families of the walking birds except for the storks (Ciconiidae) to the Pelecaniformes. The tropical birds now form an independent order, the Phaethontiformes and the other copepods are placed in the Suliformes order.
The close relationship of the families today in the Pelecaniformes is based on molecular biological studies and is not yet supported by morphological characteristics.
The likely family relationships are shown in the following cladogram.
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- ↑ a b WorldBirdNames.org orders of Birds
- ^ J. Bryan Nelson: Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives. Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-857727-3 .
- ↑ Gottfried Mauersberger: Urania animal kingdom, birds. Urania, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00491-3 , pp. 98-112.
- ↑ a b Hackett et al .: A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History . Science 27 June 2008: Vol. 320. no. 5884, pp. 1763–1768 doi : 10.1126 / science.1157704
- ↑ a b Jarvis et al. (2014): Whole-genome analyzes resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds . Science 1320 (2014); 346 DOI: 10.1126 / science.1253451
- ↑ a b c d Richard O. Prum et al .: A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature, October 7, 2015; doi: 10.1038 / nature15697
- ↑ AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (North & Middle America) Proposals 2008-C (PDF; 109 kB)