Black-bellied lantern shark
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Black-bellied lantern shark ( Etmopterus lucifer ) |
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| Etmopterus lucifer | ||||||||||||
| DS Jordan & Snyder , 1902 |
The black-bellied lantern shark ( Etmopterus lucifer ) is a species of the genus Etmopterus within the lantern sharks (Etmopterinae; also classified as the family Etmopteridae). It reaches a maximum body length of about 42 centimeters. This species occurs in the coastal area of various oceans in the southern hemisphere, including the coasts of Australia , South America and Africa .
Appearance and characteristics
The black-bellied lantern shark is a small shark with a maximum body length of about 42 centimeters, the males reach sexual maturity with about 29 and the females with about 34 centimeters. It has an elongated body typical of the lantern sharks, which is, however, much more compressed than in related species. The head is long and at the same time broad and flattened on the top. The body color is brown on top, the underside is black. Above the pelvic fins there is a drawing in the form of a narrow line that begins above the fins and leads to them and then towards the caudal fin. There are further black lines at the lower base of the caudal peduncle and in the rear part of the lower caudal fin. On the head, back and sides of the body there are rows of small and closely spaced tooth scales that reach down to the caudal fin. It also has the light organs typical of the lantern sharks on the belly side.
It has two dorsal fins with the orderly spines in front of it, but no anal fin . The first dorsal fin begins behind the pectoral fins over their rear edge and is significantly smaller than the second dorsal fin, which is very large compared to other species. The tail is long. Like all species in the family, the animals have five gill slits , which are very long in this species, and have an injection hole behind the eye.
The lower teeth are blade-like, the upper teeth usually have three tooth tips each.
distribution
The range of this species includes the coastal areas of different oceans in the southern hemisphere. The main distribution area is in the western Pacific , where it occurs off the coasts of Japan , in parts of the China Sea on the coasts of China and on the coasts of Australia , New Caledonia and New Zealand . There is further evidence from the south-eastern Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa, from the southern Atlantic off South America and from other regions of the southern oceans. It lives mostly near the ground and occurs at depths of around 160 to 1350 meters; around New Zealand it is mainly found at a depth of around 500 meters.
Way of life
The black-bellied lantern shark lives in the deep sea area of the continental and island shelf as well as in the area of submarine mountains pelagically or near the ground . Since it was also caught at medium depths, it is possible that it undertakes vertical migrations from the deep sea to the higher pelagic at night. Like other sharks, it feeds predatory, probably mostly on smaller fish, octopus and other invertebrates. Beyond that, no data are available about his lifestyle.
Like other species of the order, it is probably viviparous ( ovoviviparous ).
Systematics
The black-bellied lantern shark is an independent species within the lantern shark . It was scientifically described in 1902 by David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder .
Danger
The black-bellied lantern shark is listed in the IUCN Red List as not endangered (“least concern”). Population sizes and developments are unknown for most of the range, but the species is believed to have a relatively large population size in the waters around New Zealand. It is caught as by-catch with medium-water and benthic trawls and longlines ; however, due to its small size, this is rare and fishing activity is limited in deeper areas of its range. Given its wide geographic and bathymetric distribution, parts of which are exposed to minimal fishing pressure, the endangerment to the stocks is low.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b Etmopteridae .: Lantern sharks. In: Compagno et al. 2004
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Leonard Compagno , Marc Dando, Sarah Fowler: Sharks of the World. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton University Press , Princeton and Oxford 2005; P. 102. ISBN 978-0-691-12072-0
- ↑ a b c d Etmopterus lucifer in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2018. Posted by: B. Finucci, DA Ebert, A. Schaaf-Da Silva, 2009. Retrieved on May 14, 2020.
- ↑ a b Black-bellied Lantern Shark on Fishbase.org (English)
literature
- Leonard Compagno , Marc Dando, Sarah Fowler: Sharks of the World. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton University Press , Princeton and Oxford 2005; P. 102. ISBN 978-0-691-12072-0
Web links
- Black-bellied lantern shark on Fishbase.org (English)
