Black spleen remover
| Black spleen remover | ||
|---|---|---|
 The black spleen remover below the girl's fork |
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| location | Tyrol , Austria | |
| Mountains | Allgäu Alps | |
| Type | Kar glacier | |
| surface | 9 ha (1985) | |
| Tilt | ⌀ 20 ° (36%) | |
| Coordinates | 47 ° 17 '48 " N , 10 ° 17' 45" E | |
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The Schwarzmilzferner is a small glacier in the Allgäu Alps . Since the melting of the Hochalpferner and Hochvogel glaciers over the past hundred years, the Schwarzmilzferner has been the only glacier in the region.
location
The Schwarzmilzferner is located south of the Mädelegabel and east of the Hochfrottspitze on Tyrolean soil, directly across the German-Austrian border. Its mean height of 2,450 m is remarkably low compared to other central alpine glaciers.
shape
Today, the black antler appears as a concavely curved firn surface without crevices or other signs of movement. Since no runoff is visible, it can be assumed that the meltwater seeps into the rocky fissures of the main dolomite that dominates here . When the last survey was carried out in 1985, the extension of the Schwarzmilzferner covered around 9 ha. The mean slope of the terrain is around 20 degrees. The mean exposure is east-southeast.
Surveying and exploration
The first cartographic recordings of the Schwarzmilzferner can be found in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 and the map of the German-Austrian border commission from around 1855. Around 1870 the country was surveyed on a scale of 1: 25,000 by the Austro-Hungarian Military Geography Institute , which was repeated in 1887. A contour line representation of the glacier can be found in the Alpine Club map from 1907. The first aerial survey was carried out in 1952, further aerial surveys followed in 1965, 1971, 1979 and 1983. The Technical University of Munich derived elevation plans on a scale of 1: 2500 from the last three pairs of aerial photographs. In the 1980s the black spleen remover was the subject of two diploma theses: Roland Mader compared the topography of the glacier for the years 1903, 1952, 1971 and 1985. Joachim Schug examined the mass budget values and climatic conditions of the black spleen remover. In addition, Christoph Mayer determined the ice thickness of the Schwarzmilzferner in a study project using geoelectric depth soundings.
Mass budget
The black spleen remover owes its existence to an unusually high accumulation . As Schug's measurements showed, its net accumulation is around 500 mm higher than the precipitation at comparable altitudes. This extreme accumulation can be explained “firstly and above all from the regional maximum precipitation that occurs on the northern edge of the Alps between Oberstdorf and Schröcken, secondly from the location in the lee of the Hochfrottspitze, which promotes the deposition of wind-carried snow, and thirdly from the addition of avalanche snow from the flanks of the Hochfrottspitze and the girls fork ”. According to Schugs calculations, a maximum of 25% of the accumulation can come from avalanches. The ablation of the black spleen remover has no special features.
Result of the geoelectric ice thickness measurement
In September 1985, Mayer carried out geoelectrical ice thickness measurements at several points on the Schwarzmilzferner. With an accuracy of ± 3 m, Mayer specified a maximum thickness of the glacier ice of 21.6 m. Mader thinks these readings are too low. According to his calculations, with such a small ice thickness, the Schwarzmilzferner should have melted almost completely by 1965.
Change in altitude and glacier retreat
At the beginning of the 1960s, the area of the Black Antler reached a preliminary minimum of around 6 to 7 hectares. At the last measurement in 1985 it had spread to around 9 hectares again. Using the Alpine Club map from 1907, Mader calculated the following values for the mean change in height of the surface of the glacier: From 1903 to 1952 the mean annual change in height was −0.59 m; from 1952 to 1971 the mean annual change in altitude was +0.09 m; and from 1971 to 1985 the mean change in altitude was +0.44 m annually. Mader writes about the development on the Schwarzmilzferner: “A sinking of the glacier surface from 1903 to 1965 by an average of 31 m contrasts with an elevation of 11 m from 1965 to 1985. If a few more favorable years for the glacier reappear, a reactivation of the ice movement cannot be ruled out. Crevasses would then have to be expected again on the glacier. However, if weather conditions were similar to those between 1930 and 1950, the existence of the Schwarzmilzferner would be endangered in the medium term. "The meteorologist Schug says that if the climate continues to warm over the next few decades , the complete disappearance of the" Ice Age relic " Schwarzmilzferner ahead, "all the more quickly if the climate change in the Allgäu is mainly accompanied by dry winters and warm late summers." In 2015, a remaining glacier thickness of less than 10 meters was reported. The complete disappearance within a few years can be expected.
literature
- Roland Mader: Determination of the fluctuations in the black anthrax. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Cartography and Reproduction Technology at the Technical University of Munich, 1985.
- Roland Mader: Der Schwarzmilzferner in the Allgäu Alps, in: Journal for Glacier Science and Glacial Geology, Volume 27/28 (1991/1992), pp. 139–144.
- Christoph Mayer: Computer-aided evaluation of geoelectric depth soundings using the example of ice thickness determinations on the Schwarzmilzferner (Allgäu Alps), student thesis at the Institute for Geophysics of the Technical University of Clausthal, 1988.
- Christoph Mayer: Geoelectric depth soundings on the Schwarzmilzferner, in: Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Volume 29, Issue 1 (1994), pp. 75–84.
- Joachim Schug, Michael Kuhn: The Schwarzmilzferner in the Allgäu Alps: mass balance and climatic conditions, in: Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Volume 29, Issue 1 (1993), pp. 55-74.
- Joachim Schug: Meteorological-glaciological investigation on a small glacier in the Allgäu Alps, diploma thesis University of Innsbruck, 1987.
- Joachim Schug: The Schwarzmilzferner: Historical documents about the only glacier in the Allgäu Alps, in: Our Oberstdorf: Blätter zur Oberstdorfer Heimatkunde, issue 29, December 1996, pp. 713–719.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying Austria: Austrian Map online (Austrian map 1: 50,000) . Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ↑ R. Mader, Determination of the fluctuations in the black spleen remover. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Cartography and Reproduction Technology at the Technical University of Munich, 1985.
- ↑ J. Schug, Meteorological-Glaciological Investigation on a Small Glacier in the Allgäu Alps, Diploma thesis University of Innsbruck, 1987.
- ↑ Ch. Mayer, Computer-aided evaluation of geoelectric depth soundings using the example of ice thickness determinations on the Schwarzmilzferner (Allgäu Alps), thesis at the Institute for Geophysics of the Technical University of Clausthal, 1988.
- ↑ J. Schug, M. Kuhn, “The Schwarzmilzferner in the Allgäu Alps: Mass balance and climatic conditions”, in Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Volume 29, Issue 1 (1993), pp. 55-74.
- ↑ R. Mader, Determination of the fluctuations in the black spleen remover. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Cartography and Reproduction Technology at the Technical University of Munich, 1985.
- ↑ R. Mader, Determination of the fluctuations in the black spleen remover. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Cartography and Reproduction Technology at the Technical University of Munich, 1985; R. Mader, Der Schwarzmilzferner in the Allgäu Alps, in Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Volume 27/28 (1991/1992), pp. 139–144.
- ↑ R. Mader, Determination of the fluctuations in the black spleen remover. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Cartography and Reproduction Technology at the Technical University of Munich, 1985.
- ↑ J. Schug, "Der Schwarzmilzferner: Historical documents about the only glacier in the Allgäu Alps", in Our Oberstdorf: Blätter zur Oberstdorfer Heimatkunde, issue 29 / December 1996, pp. 713–719.
- ↑ The only glacier in the Allgäu will soon be gone , all-in.de December 5, 2015