Atlas Tyrolensis

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The Atlas Tyrolensis, general view

The Atlas Tyrolensis is the first map of the state of Tyrol based on a geodetic survey. It was recorded and drawn from 1760 to around 1770 on the initiative of the Jesuit father Ignaz Weinhart . The authors were Peter Anich from Oberperfuss and his pupil Blasius Hueber , who were also referred to as " peasant cartographers " because of their rural origins and lack of formal education .

In 1774 Johann Ernst Mansfeld (1738–1796) published the work in the form of an artistic copperplate engraving . Due to its large scale (1: 104,000), its precision and the size of the area shown, it is one of the most important international cartographic achievements of the 18th century, and was considered the most important, respected and internationally best-known Austrian map of its time. To this day it is an important source for historical geography , glaciology and place name research .

content

scale

The Atlas Tyrolensis covers an area of ​​26,000 km² with the county of Tyrol including the formally independent principalities of Bressanone and Trento , which is represented on a scale of about 1: 103,800. The map, which is almost five square meters in size (217.5 × 226 cm), is divided into 20 sheets. The work also includes an overview map ("register sheet ", scale approx. 1: 545,000) with the page cut as well as two legends to explain the signatures . However, several symbols used in the map are missing from the legend. The atlas is divided into two parts: Tyrol to the north essentially covers today's North Tyrol , East Tyrol and northern South Tyrol , Tyrol to the south covers southern South Tyrol and Welschtirol . However, these parts merge seamlessly into one another and only represent separate units in terms of their history of origin.

The card is equipped with rich artistic jewelry, which comes from the engraver Johann Ernst Mansfeld. At the top left is the title of the northern part, adorned with a Tyrolean eagle, along with a goddess and three putti with hunting booty, trade goods and mineral resources. In the background, a schematic representation of the Martinswand near Innsbruck symbolizes the landscape of North Tyrol. At the top right there is a legend with a scale in common German miles . In the lower right corner on a vexillum crowning an obelisk with the image of Maria Theresa and a Tyrolean eagle, the following long title is shown:

Tyrolis sub felici regimine Mariae Theresiae Rome. Imper. Aug. chorographice delineata a Petro Anich et Blasio Hueber Colonis oberperfussianis Curante Ignat. Weinhart profession. Math. In Univers. Oenipontana. Aeri incisa á Ioa. Erneste Mansfeld Viennae 1774
( Tyrol, under the happy rule of Roman Empress Maria Theresia, Augusta , chorographically drawn by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber, farmers from Oberperfer , taken care of by Ignaz Weinhart, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Innsbruck. Engraved in copper by Johann Ernst Mansfeld, Vienna 1774 )

At the foot of the obelisk, figures with various animals and products symbolize the country's economic focus, such as cattle breeding, viticulture, trade and commerce. In addition, parts of the landscape of southern Tyrol, including the Kofel fortress (Covolo di Butistone, today in Veneto ), can be seen. The legend of the southern part can be found on the lower left as a stone plaque with three river deities. Their signatures differ slightly from the legend of the northern part, among other things because the abbreviations refer to the Italian instead of the German language (for example "M" for Monte instead of "B" for mountain ). Above the legend, the lettering Tyrol towards the south and a scale in various units ( Wiener Werkschuhe , Innsbrucker Werkschuhe , Große Deutsche Meile and Italian Meile ) are given.

Cartographic representation

The legend of the southern (Welschtiroler) part

The terrain is reproduced in the Atlas Tyrolensis in the cavalier perspective customary at the time , a form of the oblique outline that does not distort the elevation plane . The viewer sees the landscape vertically from above, but the individual objects from an angle of around 45 ° from the south. For a better contouring is a shading used, with the angle of incidence of the fictitious light is not uniform and varies between south and west. The more than 50 signatures used are essentially based on the map of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Johann Christoph Müller (1720).

Rivers and lakes are shown relatively precisely in the Atlas Tyrolensis, whereas forests are rather imprecise, so that the value for knowledge about the extent of the forest at that time is assessed differently. The location of the approximately 570 named mountain peaks is precisely marked with rings, but the terrain is only shown relatively schematically. Nevertheless, the representation of the glaciated mountain regions far away from the valley, which were of little interest before the age of alpinism , is very precise for the time. The 1000 or so alpine pastures , for the first time in the world with their own signature, are recorded even more meticulously . They were more important to Anich and Hueber, farmers themselves. Settlements are differentiated according to size and legal status ( city , market , village ), and individual farms and inns are also noted.

Particular attention is paid to aristocratic residences and church institutions. They are recorded very differently, even small chapels and completely dilapidated castle ruins are recorded, but sometimes non-existent castles that have only been handed down in folk tales are recorded. A focus on economic aspects can be seen on the traffic routes, which are shown as passable roads or non-passable “Samerschlag” and mule paths , as well as the entries of mining facilities, post stations, powder mills, mineral springs, vineyards and cabbage fields , against which militarily relevant information in Background. Nevertheless, some military details, such as fortifications, are recorded, which is rather unusual in cartography, which was characterized by military secrecy at the time. Historical battlefields are also entered with their own signature.

The Ötztal Alps around Rofen and the Wildspitze with a particularly precise representation of the dotted glaciers, and the Rofener Eissee ("Gewester See") is also shown with the year of its formation and eruption

The course of the borders of Tyrol can be seen in the Atlas Tyrolensis with a previously unknown level of accuracy, and borders of judicial districts as well as judicial and administrative authorities are also recorded. However, the borders of Tyrol are presented in a tendentious manner and reflect less the political reality than the power claims of the client. The ecclesiastical principalities of Bressanone and Trento, which were under Tyrolean administration but only officially became part of Tyrol in 1803, are shown without any delimitation from the County of Tyrol. Court districts belonging to Salzburg are not marked or only indistinctly (by a signature otherwise used for controversial and unrecognized borders).

The map is labeled extensively, and many of the geographical names are recorded here for the first time. In addition, additional comments can be found, such as the year of landslides or the addition “Ortles Spiz der Höchst in the whole of Tyrol” on the Ortler .

History of origin

Peter Anich, contemporary portrait

initial situation

Before Peter Anich, the area of ​​Tyrol was not mapped across the board. The previously existing national maps such as those by Wolfgang Lazius (1561), Warmund Ygl (1605) and Matthias Burgklehner (1611) showed large gaps between the valleys.

In the 1750s, the civil servant Joseph von Sperges was entrusted with the recording of a map of the “southern Tyrol” on a scale of 1: 121,000, which he was unable to complete because he was recalled to Vienna. On the recommendation of the Jesuit father Ignaz Weinhart , Sperges commissioned his pupil Peter Anich to continue the work, which was finally published in 1762, in the years up to 1759.

Recording and drawing

In 1760, Ignaz Weinhart Anich brokered the state commission to record and map the "northern Tyrol" as a supplement to the Spergess map. In the years 1760 to 1763 Anich and his assistants surveyed the land from scratch without using pre-existing maps. Here he used significantly improved triangulation methods compared to his predecessors such as Sperges, in that, in contrast to the measuring table method previously used, he only measured the angles in the field and only drew them at home. The inaccuracy of Anich's location determinations is a maximum of one kilometer, but is usually much smaller in the middle of the map. Larger inaccuracies only occur at the edges outside of Tyrol, which were not measured. Although the Atlas Tyrolensis does not contain any height information, Anich also seems to have carried out trigonometric height measurements.

The “register sheet” on a scale of 1: 545,000 was not created until 1771

Anich worked with poor pay, sometimes with self-made instruments (such as a self-made astrolabe ) at high speed, with great physical effort and under difficult external conditions. So he climbed high mountains and worked in bad weather conditions. His predecessor, Sperges, had reservations and was even exposed to physical attacks because the people distrusted the government. Because of his rural origins, Anich hardly had such an acceptance problem. His simple demeanor and the peasant clothes made it easier for him to get to know the common people, which helped the Atlas Tyrolensis to have an abundance of previously undocumented field and place names.

A time loss of two years came about when the Viennese government forced Anich to abandon the planned scale of 1: 103,000 and to redraw the map to the scale of 1: 121,000 used by Sperges. In addition, he was supposed to make a representation for the whole of Tyrol on nine sheets at a scale of 1: 138,000. Only three sheets, which were engraved in copper in 1764/1765 but not published, could be completed. In 1764, Anich was also assigned the renewed inclusion of the "southern Tyrol", essentially today's Trentino. In that year he also began to train his pupil Blasius Hueber, who soon took over the work of the meanwhile seriously ill Anich and continued the admission after his death in 1766. The survey lasted until July 1769, after a few months of drawing and correction, the map was completed in 1770 in the form of 16 sheets of paper drawn with sepia and ink and glued to canvas with a total size of 145 × 225 cm. It is still framed behind glass in the Tyrolean State Archives.

In 1768 Johann Ernst Mansfeld in Vienna was commissioned with the execution of the map completed by Hueber as a copperplate . Work on the final version came to a standstill several times and its completion required not only constant corrections by Hueber but also several interventions by Ignaz Weinhart. Since the sheets had to be sent back and forth several times between Vienna and Innsbruck for correction (especially of borderlines), this work took several years. This also applies to the register sheet, which was worked on from 1771 at the suggestion of Weinhart. The title “Atlas” also goes back to Weinhart's suggestion, and was used here for the first time for a uniformly designed map divided into sheets of the same size. Weinhart's proposal to add an alphabetical register of place names to the map was rejected by the Viennese government. The engraving was completed by around 1772/1773.

Issues and impact history

The overall title of the atlas in the engraving by Johann Ernst Mansfeld

In 1774 the atlas was finally published in the form of 20 sheets and a register sheet. The artistic design by Weinhart with the numerous allegorical representations is in the tradition of the Tyrol maps known up to that point as well as other large maps of the time such as the Bohemian map by Johann Christoph Müller . It is therefore not to be classified as particularly original, but is still considered one of the most artistically beautiful map designs of the 18th century. The first edition of 1000 was quickly sold out, and numerous reprints were made over the next few years, mostly in the form of 20 single sheets of around 73 × 53 cm each. But the atlas was also used as a large wall map. Despite its excellent quality, the Atlas Tyrolensis did not immediately establish itself as an international standard work; for a long time, adaptations of older maps were still in use.

In 1800/1801 the French General Staff published a map of the Tyrol based on the Atlas Tyrolensis. The French used the atlas, adapted for military purposes, also in the battles of 1809 . When measuring the Habsburg hereditary lands in the course of the Josephinian survey , Tyrol was left out because of the good quality of the Atlas Tyrolensis; a new measurement appeared unnecessary for a long time. It was not until the special map of Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein that was published in 1823 and was based on the results of the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme that replaced the Atlas Tyrolensis as the most modern map of Tyrol.

The atlas itself has been reprinted several times, including an anniversary edition in 1974 and the first complete "people's edition" in original scale in 1986.

The historical significance of the Atlas Tyrolensis lies in its unusually large scale and the size of the uniformly depicted area, above all in the new, exact recording methods and precise drawing, which make the work one of the most internationally important cartographic achievements of the 18th century. For the region of Tyrol it was the very first map based on geodetic measurements. It was described by the glacier researcher and alpinist Eduard Richter as "the real beginning of the land survey in the Eastern Alps". In addition, the work serves as a precise source for historical-geographical research to this day. The glaciers, shown for the first time with a correct signature and recorded unusually precisely for the time, allow at least in some areas a fairly accurate reading of the glacier status at the time of the recording. From a glaciological point of view, the atlas represents the most important map series before 1800. The Atlas Tyrolensis is still an important source for place-name research and for research into the economic and infrastructural conditions of the Tyrol at that time.

The Atlas Tyrolensis in high resolution

  • northwest

  • Northeast

  • southwest

  • Southeast

literature

  • Max Edlinger (Ed.): Atlas Tyrolensis . Popular edition. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1986, ISBN 3-7022-1607-3 , p. 16 .
  • Hans Kinzl : The topographical content of the Atlas Tyrolensis . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723–1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No. 32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) .
  • Franz-Heinz Hye : Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. The story of the "Atlas Tyrolensis" (1759–1774) . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723–1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No. 32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) .

Web links

Commons : Atlas Tyrolensis  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Wilfried Beimrohr: The Tyrol map or the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 . Ed .: Tiroler Landesarchiv. 2006, p. 3–4 ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; 554 kB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  2. ^ Ingrid Kretschmer, Johannes Dörflinger , Franz Wawrik: Austrian cartography. From the beginnings in the 15th century to the 21st century. Institute for Geography and Regional Research of the University of Vienna, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-900830-51-7 , p. 80.
  3. ↑ a b Wilfried Beimrohr: The Tyrol map or the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 . Ed .: Tiroler Landesarchiv. 2006, p. 1–2 ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; 554 kB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  4. ↑ Hans Kinzl: The topographical content of the Atlas Tyrolensis. In: Peter Anich 1723–1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 65 ff .
  5. ↑ Hans Kinzl: The topographical content of the Atlas Tyrolensis. In: Peter Anich 1723–1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 173 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Wilfried Beimrohr: The Tyrol map or the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 . Ed .: Tiroler Landesarchiv. 2006, p. 7–8 ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; 554 kB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Hans Kinzl, To the map of Tyrol by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. In: Max Edlinger (Ed.): Atlas Tyrolensis . Popular edition. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1986, ISBN 3-7022-1607-3 , p. 18 .
  8. ↑ a b c d Hans Kinzl: The representation of the glaciers in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber (1774) . In: Geological Society in Vienna (ed.): Raimund-von-Klebelsberg-Festschrift of the Geological Society in Vienna . tape 48 . Vienna 1955, p. 91 ff . ( online [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.uibk.ac.at
  9. ↑ a b c d Wilfried Beimrohr: The Tyrol map or the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 . Ed .: Tiroler Landesarchiv. 2006, p. 5–6 ( online [PDF; 554 kB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  10. ↑ Georg Fromme: The forest decline in the Oberinntal (Tyrol): Investigations into the extent, causes and consequences of forest decline in a mountainous region as well as the prospects of reforestation . Announcements of the Federal Forest Research Institute Mariabrunn, volume 54 . Mariabrunn (Fromme proves the accuracy of the boundaries of the forest signature in the inner alpine valleys with finds of old tree stumps and forest descriptions from forest preparations at the Hall salt works in Tyrol).
  11. ^ A b Hans Kinzl: The representation of the glaciers in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber (1774) . In: Geological Society in Vienna (ed.): Raimund-von-Klebelsberg-Festschrift of the Geological Society in Vienna . tape 48 . Vienna 1955, p. 103 ( online [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.uibk.ac.at
  12. ^ A b Hans Kinzl: The representation of the glaciers in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber (1774) . In: Geological Society in Vienna (ed.): Raimund-von-Klebelsberg-Festschrift of the Geological Society in Vienna . tape 48 . Vienna 1955, p. 89 ( online [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.uibk.ac.at
  13. ↑ a b c Erich Egg, Peter Anich. In: Max Edlinger (Ed.): Atlas Tyrolensis . Popular edition. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1986, ISBN 3-7022-1607-3 , p. 12-14 .
  14. ^ Franz-Heinz Hye: Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. The story of the "Atlas Tyrolensis" (1759–1774) . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723-1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No. 32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 18th ff .
  15. ^ A b Franz-Heinz Hye: Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. The story of the "Atlas Tyrolensis" (1759–1774) . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723-1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No. 32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 27 f .
  16. ^ A b Hans Kinzl: The topographical content of the Atlas Tyrolensis. In: Peter Anich 1723–1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 59 ff .
  17. ↑ Gaetano Taormina, Der Atlas Tyrolensis. In: Max Edlinger (Ed.): Atlas Tyrolensis . Popular edition. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1986, ISBN 3-7022-1607-3 , p. 16 .
  18. ↑ Hans Kinzl: The topographical content of the Atlas Tyrolensis. In: Peter Anich 1723–1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 53 .
  19. ↑ Nikolaus Grass: On the intellectual history of the Atlas Tyrolensis (1774) by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber . In: Tiroler Heimat - yearbook for history and folklore . tape 58 . Wagner, Innsbruck 1994, p. 107 .
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