Peter Anich

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Peter Anich, oil painting by Philipp Haller , 1759
Anich's last work: Map of the area around Innsbruck , 1766

Peter Anich (born February 22, 1723 in Oberperfuss , Tyrol ; † September 1, 1766 in Oberperfuss, Tyrol) was a Tyrolean geodesist and cartographer . His works, especially the Atlas Tyrolensis published in 1774 , are among the most accurate maps of their time. Anich, who is often referred to as a “ farmer cartographer ” because of his rural origins , was also known as an astronomer and designer of sundials and globes .

Life

Peter Anich was born in Oberperfuss as the only son of four children to the farmer couple Ingenuin and Gertrud Anich. Anich had to work on his parents' farm and probably did not enjoy a regular school education, but only learned some basic knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic from the local priest . In addition, his father taught him the wood turner's trade and promoted his technical and constructive skills, for example in the construction of simple measuring instruments . The father forbade some attempts to learn more about field measurements and astronomy from the Innsbruck Jesuits . When he died in 1742, the only 20-year-old Peter took over the farm and the turner's workshop.

Anich began to observe the sky and became interested in astronomy while he was working as a shepherd . On a nearby pear tree he set up an observation point and found the celestial pole without any help by repeatedly aiming at many stars until he came across the (almost immobile) Pole Star . As early as 1745 he constructed his first vertical sundial on a house wall in Oberperfuss . This was already a complicated construction, the calculation of which required trigonometric knowledge. How Anich acquired the skills is unknown. In 1751 Anich went to Innsbruck and presented himself to the Jesuit and mathematics professor Ignaz Weinhart , whom he asked for lessons in astronomy and mathematics. After a short test, Weinhart was convinced of Anich's talent, offered him private lessons and was Anich's most important sponsor until the end of his life. In the following years, Anich migrated to Innsbruck on Sundays and public holidays to take lessons from Weinhart and to manufacture globes and scientific instruments for him.

From around 1756 Anich began to deal with cartography . In 1759 Weinhart suggested commissioning him to draw up a new map of Tyrol, which later became known as the Atlas Tyrolensis . From 1760 onwards, Anich was given the task of completing Joseph Freiherr von Spergs ' Tyrol map, which he could not continue working on because he was recalled to Vienna. After he had measured and mapped the "northern Tyrol" (Tyrol with the exception of the Welschtirol already mapped by Spergs ) in the following years , from 1764 he was also entrusted with the recording of the southern part. From 1765 he was assisted by Blasius Hueber , who later completed the Atlas Tyrolensis. While working in the marshes of the Adige, Anich fell ill with "gall fever", from which he no longer recovered. He had a weak constitution throughout his life and had been almost deaf for several years . In the last months of his life, already impoverished due to his inability to work, he was awarded a gold medal by Empress Maria Theresia . In addition, he was portrayed for the university's collection and was awarded a pension of 200 guilders annually. However, he could no longer take advantage of this, after his death on September 1, 1766, his sister Lucia received it.

Commemoration

Memorial plaque at the HTL Anichstraße

The Innsbrucker Anichstrasse, the Grazer Anichgasse, in Vienna- Floridsdorf the Anichweg, the Peter-Anich-Siedlung in Bruneck and the Geometeroberschule in Bozen as well as the Peter-Anich-Hütte above Rietz are named after Peter Anich . The northern Ramolkogel in the Ötztal Alps also bears his name, Anichspitze . In addition, the only solar observatory in South Tyrol ( Peter Anich solar observatory ) is named after him.

With the Peter-Anich-Weg and a globe in the coat of arms, Oberperfuss commemorates the great son of the community. The Anich Hueber Museum shows documents, maps, surveying equipment and several earth and celestial globes made by Anich. The band in his native parish is also named after him.

On the facade of the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum is his portrait head, carved in marble by Antonio Spagnoli, along with those of other poets and scholars. Around 1950, a memorial plaque created by Emmerich Kerle with the portrait of Anich was attached to the HTL Anichstrasse building .

plant

The Atlas Tyrolensis

Peter Anich's main work, Atlas Tyrolensis , is one of the most important international cartographic achievements of the 18th century due to its scale, precision and the size of the area shown. Peter Anich used further developments of the measuring table method for his measurements , which enabled a particularly precise triangulation . He partly worked with self-constructed measuring devices. In addition, the representation of the high mountain regions and in particular the glaciers in the Atlas Tyrolensis is considered to be particularly precise for the time. Anich's rural origins and manners enabled him to have good contact with the simple rural population and thus helped the Atlas Tyrolensis to obtain its rich treasure trove of geographical names that had not been recorded before.

At least ten large sundials in the Innsbruck area were made by Peter Anich. Sometimes these are complicated constructions that show not only the time but also about the month or the zodiac sign of the sun.

Anich was also known for his large celestial globe with a diameter of about one meter, constructed in 1756 under the guidance of Weinhart . However, little is known today about Anich's astronomical measurements and research that preceded this work. In 1759 a terrestrial globe of the same size followed, both works can be found today in the Tyrolean State Museum . In addition, he constructed several smaller earth and celestial globes, for which he also executed the map image himself as a copper engraving .

literature

Details:

Web links

Commons : Peter Anich  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rudolf Henz: Peter Anich, the star seeker , Amandus-Verlag, Vienna 1946
  2. ^ A b Franz-Heinz Hye : Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. The story of the "Atlas Tyrolensis" (1759–1774) . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723-1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No.  32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 7th ff .
  3. ^ Robert Büchner, I. Weinhart, M. Hell, Elogium rustici Tyrolensis celeberrimi Petri Anich oberperfussensis; translated, commented and introduced in: Peter Anich 1723-1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 309 ff .
  4. ↑ Erich Egg, Peter Anich. In: Max Edlinger (Ed.): Atlas Tyrolensis . Popular edition. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1986, ISBN 3-7022-1607-3 , p. 12-14 .
  5. ^ Franz-Heinz Hye: Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber. The story of the "Atlas Tyrolensis" (1759–1774) . In: Hans Kinzl (Ed.): Peter Anich 1723-1766 (=  Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . No. 32 ). Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 18th ff .
  6. ↑ Oberperfuss community: Anich-Hueber-Museum
  7. ↑ Ellen Hastaba: Program with coincidence and flaws - all-Tyrolean: the facade of the Tyrolean Provincial Museum Ferdinandeum. In: Publications of the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Volume 83 (2003), pp. 63–94 ( PDF; 224 kB )
  8. ^ Weirather, Wiesauer: Memorial plaque Peter Anich. In: Tyrolean art register . Retrieved August 3, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Hans Kinzl: The representation of the glaciers in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber (1774) . In: Geological Society in Vienna (ed.): Raimund-von-Klebelsberg-Festschrift of the Geological Society in Vienna . tape 48 . Vienna 1955, p. 89 ( online [PDF; 1.7 MB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  10. ↑ Wilfried Beimrohr: The Tyrol map or the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774 . Ed .: Tiroler Landesarchiv. 2006, p. 1 ff . ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; 541 kB ; accessed on November 22, 2011]).
  11. ↑ Harro Heinz Kühnelt, Peter ANichs SOnnenuhren In: Peter Anich 1723-1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 221 ff .
  12. ↑ Josef Fuchs, Peter Anich's astronomical work In: Peter Anich 1723-1766 . In: Hans Kinzl (Hrsg.): Tiroler Wirtschaftsstudien - series of publications of the Jubilee Foundation of the Chamber of Commerce for Tyrol . Wagner, Innsbruck 1976, ISBN 3-7030-0040-9  ( formally incorrect ) , p. 211 ff .
personal data
SURNAME Anich, Peter
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tyrolean cartographer and pioneer of high mountain cartography
DATE OF BIRTH February 22, 1723
PLACE OF BIRTH Oberperfuss , Tyrol
DATE OF DEATH September 1, 1766
Place of death Oberperfuss, Tyrol