Secretum secretorum

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Page from the Secretum secretorum ( Kitâb Sirr al-asrâr )

The pseudo-Aristotelian compendium Secretum secretorum (German: Mystery of the Secrets ; in Arabic Sirr al-asrar for short ) is a compilation supposedly written by the ancient philosopher Aristotle . It contains an encyclopaedic secret doctrine that was compiled from various sources and clearly shows oriental features in structure and form. The text shows contradictions and repetitions. The script was conceived and compiled in Syrian, Persian-influenced hermetic circles in the 10th century. The Arabic version known as Kitāb as siyāsah fī tadbīri-r-riʿāsati 'l-maʿruf bi-Sirri-l-ʿasrār ("The Book of Politics of Governance, known as the Secret of Secrets") was published in the first half of the 13th century by Philippus Clericus Tripolitanus, who probably found the work in Antioch in 1234, completely translated into Latin and dedicated to the bishop Guido of Tripoli . A partial translation, which (presumably by Johannes Hispalensis or Johannes Hispanus) was made between 1135 and 1142, circulated under the name Epistula ad Alexandrum .

In the preface, the Secretum is described as Aristotle's secret teaching to his closest pupils. Since no one doubted this attribution of the author, this font, like the authentic writings of the famous philosopher, could have a strong influence on thinking in the Latin West. Only in the context of the general reception of the complete Aristotelian works in the High Middle Ages can the importance of the pseudo-Aristotelian dietetics , including the four-year rules comparable to the twelve-month rules , be understood for the late medieval specialist literature.

Translations, reception

The nun Hiltgard or Hildegard von Hürnheim (* around 1255 in Castle skyscraper at Hürnheim) from the Cistercian - Klosterzimmern in district Nördlingen developed the probably oldest complete translation from Latin into Middle High German . This work, which was completed in 1282, had little effect, however. Most of the vernacular secreta from the late Middle Ages, often of moral and didactic content such as the translations of the Documenta Aristotilis ad Alexandrum Magnum in the 15th century, are oriented - such as the 450-verse poetic adaptation by Michael Gernpaß from the Bavarian Austrian-speaking area in the second half of the 14th century - hardly any Latin wording. Therefore, direct transfers or translations can usually no longer be identified. A dependency on the Arabic original text can often no longer be proven. Finally the seasonal teachings of the Secreta at the end of the Middle Ages begin to become completely independent; there is a tradition community with the common twelve month rules . The text history of the Secreta Secretorum is extraordinarily confused for both the Latin and the vernacular tradition. German print editions, for example, were published in Augsburg from 1530 to 1533 under the editorship of Johann Lorchner (Rat und mathematicus , ie astrologer , of Emperor Maximilian I ), the text of which, however, reproduces an older translation. The core text of the original Arabic version goes back to the epistolary novel Rasāʿ il Arisṭāṭālīsa ʿīlā 'l-Iskandar, written around 730 .

literature

  • Regula Forster: The Secret of Secrets: The Arabic and German versions of the pseudo-Aristotelian Sirr al-asrar / Secretum Secretorum. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2006. ISBN 3-89500-495-2
  • Kurt Gärtner : Documenta Aristotilis ad Alexandrum Magnum. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition. Vol 2. ( Comitis, Gerhard - Gerstenberg, Wigand ). De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1980. Col. 182 f. ISBN 3-11-007264-5
  • Mario Grignaschi: Remarques on the formation et l'interprétation du "Sirr al-'arâr". In: WF Ryan, Charles B. Schmitt (eds.): Pseudo-Aristotle The Secret of Secrets. Sources and influences. London 1982, pp. 3-33 (The Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts', 9.)
  • Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: 'Secretum secretorum'. In: Werner E. Gerabek [u. a.] (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Medical History. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005. p. 1314. ISBN 3-11-015714-4
  • Wolfgang Hirth: Studies on the health teachings of the so-called 'Secretum secretorum'. With special consideration of the prose traditions. Phil. Dissertation Heidelberg 1969.
  • Wolfgang Hirth: To the German arrangements of the Secreta Secretorum. In: Leuvense Bijdragen. 55, 1966. pp. 40-70.
  • Gundolf Keil : 'Secretum secretorum' . In: ²VL , Vol. 8, Col. 993-1013.
  • Mahmoud A. Manzalaoui (Ed.): Secretum Secretorum: Nine English Versions . Oxford et al. a.1977. (Early English Text Society. 276.)
  • Reinhold Möller (Ed.): Hiltgart von Hürnheim, Middle High German prose translation of the 'Secretum secretorum' . Berlin 1963. (German texts from the Middle Ages. 56.)
  • Pseudo-Aristotle : Secretum secretorum cum glossis et notulis. Tractatus brevis et utilis ad declarandum quaedam obscure dicta Fratri Rogeri nunc primum edidit Robert Steele. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1920 (Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi. 5.) pp. 25-172: online .
  • William Francis Ryan, Charles B. Schmitt (Eds.): Pseudo-Aristotle The Secret of Secrets. Sources and influences. London 1982. (The Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts. 9.)
  • Yela Schauwecker: Dietetics according to the "Secretum secretorum" in the version of Jofroi de Waterford: Part edition and lexical investigation . (Würzburg medical historical research. 92.) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2007.
  • Heinrich Schipperges : The Assimilation of Arabic Medicine through the Latin Middle Ages . Wiesbaden 1964. (Sudhoff's archive. Supplements. 3.)
  • Joachim Telle : Aristotle to Alexander about the philosophical stone. The alchemical teachings of the pseudo-Aristotelian 'Secretum secretorum' in a German translation of verse from the 15th century. In: Josef Domes [u. a.] (Ed.): Light of nature. Medicine in specialist literature and poetry. Festschrift for Gundolf Keil on his 60th birthday . Pp. 455-483. Kümmerle, Göppingen 1994. (Göppinger works on German studies. 585.) ISBN 3-87452-829-4
  • Steven J. Williams: The Secret of Secrets: The Scholarly Career of a Pseudo-Aristotelian Text in the Latin Middle Ages . University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2003 ( online )
  • Mauro Zonta: Pseudo-Aristote, Secretum secretorum. In: Richard Goulet (ed.): Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques. Supplement. CNRS Editions, Paris 2003. pp. 648-651. ISBN 2-271-06175-X

Web links

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ Hirth, arrangements, p. 41 ff.
  2. ^ Keil, 'Secretum secretorum', Col. 993.
  3. ^ Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: 'Secretum secretorum'. 2005, p. 1314 (there: "Kitāb as-Siyāsa fī tadbīr ar-riyasa al-ma'ruf bi-Sirrd-asrār").
  4. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Philippus Clericus Tripolitanus. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 1150.
  5. ^ Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: 'Secretum secretorum'. 2005, p. 1314.
  6. ↑ Johannes Brinkmann: The apocryphal health rules of Aristotle for Alexander the great in the translation of Johann von Toledo. Medical dissertation, Leipzig 1914.
  7. ↑ Hirth, Secretum, p. 16 f.
  8. ↑ Hirth, arrangements, p. 40.
  9. ^ Mario Grignaschi: La diffusion du "Secretum secretorum" (Sirr-al-'Asrâr) dans l'Europe occidentale. In: Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen age 55, 1980, pp. 7-70.
  10. ^ Gundolf Keil: monthly rules (twelve month rules, regimina duodecim mensium). In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1003 f.
  11. ↑ See Schipperges, Assimilation, p. 77.
  12. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Hildehard (Hiltgart) von Hürnheim. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005. p. 594. ISBN 3-11-015714-4 .
  13. ↑ from the line from the high house of the Swabian family von Hürnheim
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Hirth: The oldest German "Sirr-al-Asrâr" tradition. On the high and late medieval tradition of Arabic dietetics. In: Medical monthly. Volume 28, 1974, pp. 495-501.
  15. ↑ Reinhold Möller (Ed.): Hiltgart von Hürnheim, Middle High German prose translation of the 'Secretum secretorum'. Berlin 1963. (German texts from the Middle Ages. 56).
  16. ^ Gundolf Keil: Hildegard (Hiltgart) von Hürnheim . ' In: Author's Lexicon . 2. Auf., Vol. 4, Col. 1–4, here Col. 1–3.
  17. ↑ Kurt Gärtner (1980).
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Wegner: Gernpaß (Michael). In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 482.
  19. ↑ Friedrich Wurms: Studies on the German and Latin prose versions of the pseudo-Aristotelian "Secretum secretorum". Phil. Dissertation, Hamburg 1970. pp. 129-133.
  20. ↑ See Hirth, arrangements, p. 54.
  21. ↑ Karin Häfner: Studies on the Middle Low German twelve-month rules (medical dissertation). Würzburg 1975 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 3).
  22. ↑ Ortrun Riha : Knowledge organization in medical collective manuscripts: classification criteria and combination principles for texts without a work character. Habilitation thesis [Würzburg 1990]. Wiesbaden 1992 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages. Volume 9), p. 140 f.
  23. ^ Keil, 'Secretum secretorum', Col. 998 ff.
  24. ^ Mario Grignaschi: L'Origine et les métamorphoses du "Sirr al-'asrar". In: Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge. Volume 51, 1976, pp. 7-112.
  25. ↑ Wolfgang Wegner: Lorchner, Johann. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 864.
  26. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Secretum secretorum' . Sp. 994.