Sophia Hayden

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Sophia Hayden 1892

Sophia Gregoria Hayden (born October 17, 1868 in Santiago de Chile , † February 3, 1953 in Winthrop, Massachusetts , USA) was an American architect and the first woman to complete the four-year course in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .

Life

Sophia Hayden was born in Santiago, Chile in 1868. Her mother Elezena Fernandez was from Chile and her father George Henry Hayden was a North American dentist from Boston . Hayden had a sister and two brothers. At the age of six she was sent to live with her paternal grandparents in the Boston neighborhood of Jamaica Plain , where she attended Hillside School. While attending West Roxbury High School from 1883 to 1886 , she became interested in architecture. After graduation, her family moved to Richmond, Virginia , but Sophia Hayden went back to college in Boston. Hayden graduated from MIT with an honors degree in architecture in 1890 .

A photo taken in 1888 of Sophia Hayden while studying architecture at MIT

education

Hayden shared a drawing room with Lois Howe, another architecture student at MIT, while studying. Hayden's work was influenced by MIT professor Eugène Létang. After finishing her studies, Hayden initially found it difficult to find a job as an architect. So she accepted a job teaching technical drawing at a high school in Boston.

Woman's Building . World's Columbian Exposition (1892: Chicago, Ill.).
Floor plan and gallery plan of the Woman's Building

job

World's Columbian Exposition

Sophia Hayden is best known for designing what is known as the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition when she was 21 . The Woman's Building project was the result of the most famous design competition for women architects in the country at the time. Sophia Hayden's design was based on her thesis Renaissance Museum of Fine Arts , a two-story construction with pavilions in the center and at the ends, several arches, terraces with columns and other classic features that reflected her training in Beaux Arts architecture . The building became a controversy because many women refused to display their work in a separate building.

Hayden's contribution won first prize from a total of thirteen submissions from trained architects. She received $ 1,000  for the design at a time when male architects were making three to ten times more for similar structures. During the construction work, Hayden's design principles were permanently affected by changes requested by Bertha Palmer and the building committee. This led to Palmer eventually firing Hayden from the project. Hayden appeared at the opening ceremony and received public support from colleagues in the architectural business. Their frustration was eventually interpreted as an example of women being unable to oversee construction work. Many architects sympathized with their position and defended it. In the end, Hayden's building received an award for “sensitivity to style, artistic taste and friendliness and elegance of the interior” . Within a year or two, all of the world's fair buildings were destroyed. Presumably due to the way in which she had been treated, Sophia Hayden decided to retire and later stopped working as an architect.

retirement

In 1900 Hayden married the portrait painter and future interior designer William Blackstone Bennett in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Bennett had a daughter from a previous marriage, the couple had no children of their own and William Bennett died in 1909. Although Sophia Hayden designed a memorial for the American Woman's club movement in 1894 , it was never built. She continued to work as an artist and lived a quiet life in Winthrop. Sophia Hayden died of pneumonia in 1953 at the Winthrop Convalescent Nursing Home .

In pop culture

  • Hayden is mentioned in Erik Larson's 2003 novel The Devil in the White City .
  • Hayden makes an appearance on the eleventh episode of the first season of the television series Timeless (2017), although she is not mentioned by name and did not stay at the HH Holmes hotel .

Publications

  • Sophia Hayden: Abstract of Thesis: Sophia G. Hayden . In: Technology Architectural Review . tape 3 , no. 3 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Architectural Society, September 13, 1890, pp. 28, Figure XXIV, Fig. XXV (English, online at MIT Libraries [PDF; accessed January 22, 2019]).
  • Sophia Hayden: The Woman's Building . In: A Week at the Fair . Rand McNally & Co, 1893, p. 180 (English, archived at archive.org [PDF; accessed on January 22, 2019]).

literature

  • Sarah Allaback: Hayden, Sophia Gregoria (1868-1953) . In: The First American Women Architects . University of Illinois Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-252-03321-6 , pp. 94–96 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Ruth Ashby, Deborah G. Ohrn: Sophia Hayden . In: Herstory: Women Who Changed the World . Viking, New York 1995, ISBN 0-670-85434-4 .
  • Virginia Grant Darney: Women and World's Fairs: American International Expositions, 1876-1904 . UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor 1982, OCLC 224428837 .
  • Gayle Gullet, "Our Great Opportunity": Organized Women Advance Women's Work at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 . In: Illinois Historical Journal . 1994, OCLC 40058087 ( archive.org [PDF]).
  • William B. Hayden: In Memoriam: Mrs. Sophia W. Hayden, 1819-1892 . Massachusetts New-Church Union Press, Boston 1893, OCLC 146403030 .
  • Dolores Hayden: HAYDEN, Sophia Gregoria, Oct. 17, 1868-Feb. 3, 1953 . In: Barbara Sicherman, Carol Hurd Green (Eds.): Notable American Women: The Modern Period . A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-674-62734-2 , pp. 322–324 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Madeleine B. Stern: Three American women firsts in architecture: Harriet Irwin, Louise Bethune, Sophia G. Hayden Science & technology: America's first woman telegrapher: Sarah G. Bagley . In: We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America . Schulte Pub. Co., New York 1963, OCLC 382962 .
  • Susana Torre: Sophia Hayden and the Woman's Building Competition / Judith Paine . In: Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective: a Publication and Exhibition Organized by the Architectural League of New York Through Its Archive of Women in Architecture . Whitney Library of Design, New York 1977, ISBN 0-8230-7485-4 .
  • Jeanne M. Weimann: The Fair Women: the Story of the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition . Academy Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 1981, ISBN 0-89733-025-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Sarah Allaback: Hayden, Sophia Gregoria (1868–1953) . In: The First American Women Architects . University of Illinois Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-252-03321-6 , pp. 94–96 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Joan Marter: The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art . Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-533579-8 .
  3. ↑ a b Sophia Hayden Bennett (1868-1953). In: MIT Museum Online Gallery. From Louis Sullivan to SOM: Boston Grads Go to Chicago. 1996, archived from the original on May 27, 2013 ; accessed on January 21, 2019 (English).
  4. ↑ Sophia Hayden (later Bennett) (b. 1868 in Santiago Chile d. 1953 in Massachusetts). In: Cambridge Women's Heritage Project. December 2012, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  5. ^ A b c Margaret Moore Booker: Hayden (Bennett), Sophia (Gregoria). In: Oxford Art Online. February 23, 2011, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b Diane Boumenot: Remembering Sophia Hayden Bennett, Part 1. In: One Rhode Iceland Family: My Adventures Genealogical through 400 Years of Family History. October 9, 2011, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  7. ↑ a b c Dolores Hayden: HAYDEN, Sophia Gregoria, Oct. 17, 1868-Feb. 3, 1953 . In: Barbara Sicherman, Carol Hurd Green (Eds.): Notable American Women: The Modern Period . A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-674-62734-2 , pp. 322–324 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  8. ↑ Lois Lilley Howe. In: Cambridge Women's Heritage Project. December 2012, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  9. ^ Danuta Bois: Sophia Hayden (1868-1953). In: Distinguished Women of Past and Present. 1998, accessed January 21, 2019 .
  10. ^ Photographic View Albums of World's Fair and Chicago . Chisholm Bros., Portland, Me. 1893, pp. 5 (English, online at HathiTrust ).
  11. ↑ IAWA database entry on Sophia Hayden. In: International Archive of Women in Architecture (Biographical Database). Virginia Tech , accessed January 22, 2019 .
  12. ^ Letter from Chicago . In: The American Architect and Building News . tape 38 , no. 883 . James R. Osgood & Co, Boston 1892, p. 134 ( online at HathiTrust [accessed January 21, 2019]).
personal data
SURNAME Hayden, Sophia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hayden, Sophia Gregoria (full name); Bennett, Sophia Gregoria
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American architect
DATE OF BIRTH October 17, 1868
PLACE OF BIRTH Santiago de Chile
DATE OF DEATH 3rd February 1953
Place of death Winthrop, Massachusetts , USA