Locking rate

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Example of locking phrase in Fraktur

With locking set , spaced characters or locks is known in the typography a typestyle for highlighting portions of the text by increasing the distances (by inserting Spatien ) between the individual letters. The opposite of locking is undercutting .

etymology

The Middle High German word lock (ahd. Sperran ) takes on the Spatien reference (originally with rafters provided, complete with beams, related to spear ). It therefore does not go back to the Middle High German word sperric (confiscable, opposed) with the meaning of a disproportionate (bulky) space requirement.

use

With many broken fonts, there are no bold and italic styles, so the locking phrase is the only subtle way of highlighting. Blocked letters were also used on the typewriter with spaces .

For non-broken fonts, blocking is no longer used in the second half of the 20th century. Is criticized u. a. the poor legibility of blocked minuscules . However, it can be used in artistic, exclusive works or to reproduce historical documents. Even in documents and legal texts, some are still blocked, e.g. B. to emphasize names in family books or, on an equal footing, alongside other awards in court correspondence or to emphasize the cancellation policy in online law. In general, underlining and blocking fonts have been replaced by bold and italics in typography .

Technical implementation

There are different attributes for the use of blocking script. In most cases, integration in format templates is also possible for standardization.

  • Classic metal type : spacing using spaces as spacers
  • Word processing and desktop publishing : Character attribute Character spacing or tracking (possibly kerning )
  • Typewriter : not supported in the simple models, analogous to word processing in the upper class models; Typically, the text was marked up using block letters by inserting spaces.
  • HTML and CSS : The common CSS attribute is letter-spacing , e.g. B. <span style="letter-spacing:0.3em">, whereby either the preceding space and the following character must be included or a single line space must be created before and after the blocked text with the CSS property margin and a non- breaking space ( &nbsp;) may be required at the beginning . The originally intended font-stretch ( font spacing ) could not prevail due to a lack of browser support. In "pure" HTML, spaces must be used, just like the typewriter. In order to avoid automatic line breaks, non-breaking spaces are also required here.
  • LaTeX : Here it says u. a. the package Soul (or its update soututf8 ) with the attribute \sois available. In the example \so{gesperrt}, the text "blocked" is output blocked. The spacing can be \sodefadjusted using. The (much more extensive and well-maintained) package Microtype offers the option of blocking individual text passages with \textlsor \lsstyle(ls stands for "letter spacing"); on the other hand, it offers the option of \SetTrackingchanging the spacing of each font in the entire document.

regulate

  • Spaces before and after the blocked text are also blocked, as are punctuation marks except periods and quotation marks. Example:
    This is locked wrong , so it's locked right .
  • Digits are not blocked.
  • In the case of broken fonts , the mandatory ligatures ch, ck, ſt and tz and the letter ß are not resolved in German. All other ligatures (e.g. ff, fi, st ) are resolved and locked:
    Lock rate for Gothic script
  • Blocking is always done with the eighth note . Full-width spaces would make a block too wide and are only used on typewriters and in other environments where only fixed-width fonts are available (e.g. plain text e-mails without Unicode encoding).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry "lock" - Duden dictionary online, s. u. Meaning (point 9: printing) and origin; see. Entry "rafters"
  2. ↑ See entry "bulky" in the Duden
  3. ^ Richard Rutter: Don't letterspace the lower case without a reason. In: The Elements of Typographic Style Applied to the Web. Retrieved July 11, 2017 .
  4. ^ Family book Euregio - Family Chronicle Kahlen. Familienbuch-euregio.de
  5. ↑ MuKo-BGB / Ulmer, § 355 Rn 47, 48; Staudinger / Kaiser, § 355 Rn 39, quoted by Rainer Jürgen Scharf: The unlimited revocation of internet-based contracts, Verlag Peter Lang, p. 73 (excerpts online at Google Books )
  6. ↑ Typography - layout. ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. pagus.de (accessed on June 13, 2013) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pagus.de
  7. ↑ CSS attributes for controlling font properties ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at pixelversum.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pixelversum.com
  8. ↑ letter-spacing and font-stretch (font spacing ) at selfhtml.org
  9. ^ Richard L. Niel: Composition technology pocket lexicon . Vienna 1925.