Transmission effect

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A transference effect (also spill-over effect , spillover effect , spillover or spill-over , from the English to spill - to spill , to let overflow) is used when an event / state has an impact on other events / states. The term is closely related to that of the external effect , but has a broader meaning, as it not only covers economic theory and economic policy activities, but is also used specifically in marketing . B. can be related to socio-political or scientific decisions, trends or other developments.

Concept history

Transfer effects were analyzed under different names as early as the 19th century . The classical cartel theory (1883–1945) already had a meticulous theory of effects in which the effects of a distortion and conquest of markets were presented. Ernst B. Haas , the founder of neofunctionalism , coined the term spill-over in 1958 , which soon found widespread use as fashionable Anglicism.

Economic spill-over effects

From an economic perspective, external effects can also be referred to as transfer effects . There are many examples of this, for example under the keyword of market failure .

Transfer effects in the context of international integration

In international relations, the term spill-over (actually never: transference effect) is mainly used for phenomena within integration communities, where it describes the effects of national or supranational political decisions on other areas. The main field of application so far has been European integration with the European Union as the focus. The term is mainly used by supporters of neo-functionalist integration theory. Accordingly, the transfer of certain policy areas to the Union ( communitarisation ) can lead to a tendency towards communitarisation in other areas as well. Sectoral integration leads to the interdependence of ever more sectors. There are numerous examples of this in the history of European integration, for example in the area of ​​the internal market, in which the basic principle of the free movement of capital has led to the increased development of a common currency policy and ultimately to the common currency, the euro . Likewise through the inclusion of further topics / responsibilities (policies) in the treaties, starting with the EEA 1986/1987 by including areas (policies) such as environmental protection, research and technology as well as education; Later continued by the Maastricht Treaty , this process continues to this day.

Transfer effects in marketing

In marketing, the transfer of the image of a product / company to another product is called a transfer effect . A synonymous term for this is the participation effect . So z. B. the image of a brand can be transferred to a new product ( umbrella effect when transferring a positive image, cannibalism effect when transferring a negative image). In a narrower sense, there is a transfer effect when the positive image of a product or a company is transferred to another product. In affiliate marketing, spill over is the non-measurable and therefore non-remunerable portion of the visitors who come to the merchant's site through affiliate marketing measures.

Other meanings

In development policy one speaks of transfer effects, especially in connection with high rates of urbanization or their consequences, such as the emergence of metropolises and megacities within the Third World ( Cairo , New Delhi , São Paulo etc.). The transfer effects result from agglomeration disadvantages such as collapse of the transport infrastructure, high pollution, underemployment, informal settlements , crime, etc.

In the context of urban sociology and cultural studies , spillover or spatial external effects are used to describe the positive or negative effects of one region on another region free of charge, which lead to a better position in individual regions compared to others. Spillovers arise when the geographical limits of the use of a (public) good do not coincide with those of the local authorities, when the spatial circle of beneficiaries and those who are burdened diverge. The concept of central locations also analyzes this connection . Central places are cities which, as the center of a certain economic interdependence, have an excess of importance compared to the surrounding regions. The problem here is that spillovers lead to an undersupply of a central location with a good provided by the public sector (exploitation hypothesis). Various internalization strategies can be used to remedy this situation. In this way, the central locations can demand reimbursement of costs from the external beneficiaries (compare the Saxon Cultural Areas Act ). Or it takes over a higher-level area, e.g. B. the country, the spillover compensation in the form of a subsidy.

See also

literature