Mallet

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Stick hammer with inserted stick hammer plate (patent: Bartsch)
finely bush hammered stone surface

The Stockhammer , also crown Hammer called, is originally a two Hands-run hammer like hand tools of masons for leveling, called a halt of sharpened stone surfaces in hard rock and harder rock , such as limestone and marble . Concrete and cast stone can also be bush hammered (many concrete bridge piers are bush hammered). This tool is generally not used for sandstone , as it can damage the stone surface in such a way that shell-shaped flaking occurs when sandstones are installed outdoors.

Age

The first pictorial representation of a mallet comes from the late 17th century. There it is shown as a combination tool with a bicorn . The same tool can be found in the Great Encyclopédie by Diderot / d'Alembert, where it is specifically named as boucharde . The tool also seems to have been in use in Italy in the 17th century. With the age of industrialization , in connection with the increasing processing of hard stone , it is increasingly used.

Some authors would like to date the appearance of the mallet to ancient times. Casson cites examples from ancient Egypt and ancient Greece - since Casson is obviously not a practitioner, these statements are to be viewed critically (this is also the assessment by Bessac, p. 83ff.). Etienne also claims that traces of mallets can be seen on the back of the gable figures from the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (5th century BC). Since Etienne was a sculptor, it should be possible to rule out any confusion with the traces of the tooth surface. However, Carl Blümel makes contradicting statements on this, he also refers to the back of the "gable figures at the Temple of Zeus at Olympia", here he only sees sharp cuts.

Another publication claims that traces of the mallet's work can be seen on stones made in the late Middle Ages on a French church.

to form

One or both hitting surfaces of the mallet are provided with teeth in a pyramid shape, which are usually arranged in a square. Depending on the coarseness of the machining to be achieved, the number of teeth and the tooth width are different. The number of teeth is determined by the square arrangement: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 64. The tooth widths vary from 10 to 12 mm for "coarse bush-hammered" machining, 6 to 7 mm for "medium bush-hammered", 4 to 5 mm "finely stocked for construction work", 4 mm "finely stocked and ready for grinding" and 3 mm for "finely stocked". There are also stick hammers of different sizes and weights.

The surfaces that the stick hammers create have different degrees of roughness, depending on the number and size of the teeth. Bush-hammered surfaces are chosen for visual reasons. Furthermore, natural stone and artificial stone surfaces are bush hammered outdoors to improve slip resistance .

The first stick hammers were made of tool steel with forged tips, so-called solid stick hammers . These have now been replaced by stick hammers with soldered-in Widia carbide inserts that can be re-ground. Another variant is the patent hammers with exchangeable metal or hard metal shaped plates.

Lately there are electric hand grinders and stationary wall arm grinders that can produce bush hammered stone surfaces with specially contoured grinding wheels .

Stick hammer inserts are now also used in machine stone processing, in compressed air and electric hammer hammers, and in stick machines. When the manually operated hammers are attached to equipment in order to streamline the work and to protect the workers from the vibrations, they are called stick machines.

Similar tools

jobs

Individual evidence

  1. ^ André Félibien: Des Principes de l'Architecture, de la Sculpture, de la Peinture et des autres arts qui en dépenden. Paris 1676-1690. Page 230, plate XLVIII, fig. E and F.
  2. ↑ Denis Diderot, Jean D'Alembert: L'encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Paris, 1751-80.
  3. ↑ Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane : Les maîtres du marbre. Carrare, 1300–1600 (= École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe section. Center de Recherches Historiques. Ports-Routes-Trafics; 25). Paris 1969. p. 68 f.
  4. ↑ a b J (ean) -C (laude) Bessac: L'outillage traditionel du tailleur de pierre de l'antiquité à nos jours (= 14ème supplément de la Revue Archaéologique de Narbonnaise). Paris 1986. p. 84.
  5. ↑ Stanely Casson: The Technique of Early Greek Sculpture. Oxford 1933. p. 178.
  6. ^ HJ Etienne: The Chisel in Greek Sculpture. A study of the way in which material, technologies and tools determine the design of the sculpture of ancient Greece . Leyden 1968. p. 54.
  7. ^ Carl Blümel : Greek sculptors at work. 4th edition. de Gruyter, Berlin 1953, p. 26f.
  8. ↑ Muriel Jenzer: La boucharde: un outil de la fin du Moyen Âge? L'exemple de l'ancienne église abbatiale de Saint-Claude. In: Bulletin monumental. 156th vol., 1968, pp. 341-353.