Synagogue order
The synagogue ordinances were created at the end of the 18th and 19th centuries and regulated the behavior of members of the Jewish communities in Germany during services in the synagogue .
history
The beginning emancipation of the Jews as well as the demands of the Jewish Enlightenment seem to have been reasons for the creation of synagogue orders. For a long time, shouting loudly, tolerating disorder or profane elements were not perceived as particularly disturbing in traditional church services. The auctioning of synagogue honors to the highest bidder was also a matter of course. It is difficult to say whether the solemnity of Christian worship has had an impact on changes in Jewish traditions. Complaints from Christian neighbors who felt disturbed by the volume during the Jewish service have been put on record again and again. Even if there is still no overview of the innumerable synagogue orders, it can be said that one Jewish community after another introduced a synagogue order in the 19th century. Regardless of whether it was a question of more traditional communities or more reform- oriented communities. With the written fixation and official launch of a synagogue order by the chosen by the Jewish community Synagogenrat were completed disputes or their emergence are already prevented.
Synagogue order of Altdorf
The synagogue ordinance from Altdorf , dated March 26, 1868, is given below as an example of a synagogue ordinance as it was set up in almost all German Jewish communities.
- It is strictly forbidden to linger in front of the synagogue during the service.
- During this, everyone present has a decent and reverent position to observe.
- Any disturbance of prayer will be severely punished.
- It is forbidden to appear in slippers at church services.
- Slamming the door in a disruptive manner, as well as behaving or stepping indecently when entering the synagogue is prohibited.
- The one who comes, after whom one has already said Nischmat , has to stand at the door and must not go any further than bit to the student's benches.
- Entering while the Torah is being read is prohibited.
- On the Sabbath (feast days, half-holidays, choel hamoed, Erew Rosh Hashanah and Erew Yom Kippur ) every married person who wants to attend the church service has to appear (enter) with his head covered with a black top hat .
- No one here may stand on a synagogue site that he has not bought or rented unless he can show special permission from the owner. Exceptions are made: the father's place for the son, that of the son for the father and brother.
- Children who are not yet of school age and girls who are not yet able to read the prayer book fluently are prohibited from attending church services. All children are not allowed to enter the women's synagogue.
- Anyone who wants to donate something when calling for the Torah has to expressly determine how much and at which cashier he vows. If he does not expressly determine the latter, such donation goes to the poor fund.
- It is forbidden to put down the Talith or remove it from its place before the service is complete.
Well-known synagogue orders
- Synagogue regulations, Jever 1780
- Synagogue regulations, Eltville am Rhein 1787
- Synagogue regulations, Oerlinghausen 1803
- Statutes for the internal organization of the synagogue in Munich , May 23, 1825
- Synagogue regulations, Lichtenau (Baden) 1856 at Alemannia Judaica
- Synagogue regulations, Soest 1856
- Synagogue regulations, Hildesheim 1858
- Synagogue order , Wetzlar 1858
- Synagogue regulations for the Israelite religious communities in the Alsfeld district , Alsfeld 1859
- Synagogue regulations, Mingolsheim 1882
- Synagogue regulations, Castrop January 14, 1911
- Synagogue order, Bigge April 2, 1911
literature
- Michael Brenner , Stefi Jersch-Wenzel , Michael A. Meyer : German-Jewish history in modern times. Volume II: Emancipation and Acculturation 1780-1871. CH Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 978-3-406-39703-5 .