Tray painting from Shostovo
The painting from Shostovo ( Russian Жостовская роспись / Shostowskaja rospis) is lacquer painting on metal trays. The trays made of sheet steel are painted with floral motifs (flower motifs). The trays are named after the village of Shostovo ( Russian Жостово ) in Mytishchi Rajon , Moscow Oblast , which is still a center of this folk art today.
This is where this old Russian handicraft originated at the beginning of the 19th century. Shostovo painting was mainly inspired by painting flowers on metal, as practiced in the Urals. Shostovo painting is one of the most famous types of folk painting in Russia.
The trays are stamped and pressed from sheet steel. Then they are primed, sanded and painted with a few layers of oil varnish . Each layer of lacquer is dried individually in the oven. The trays are hand-painted, usually with bouquets of flowers on a black background. The background is rarely red, blue, green or silver-colored. The painting is done without templates or templates. Typically, large flowers from garden flowers and small flowers from wild flowers are mixed. The finished image is covered with three transparent layers of varnish. The painter usually works in parallel on several tablets at the same time. In order to increase the depth of the picture, the flowers are painted lighter and lighter towards the front, starting from the dark background.
The metal trays have different shapes: round, oval, octagonal, square and combinations thereof.
Vishnyakov
Filipp Nikititsch Vishnyakov ( Филипп Никитич Вишняков ) opened a workshop for lacquer miniatures in the village of Shostovo ( Жостово ) in 1780 , which was then moved to Moscow. He had worked in the Fedoskino workshop for a while, looking at painting techniques and technology there before opening his own workshop. After Filipp Vishnyakov had accumulated enough capital, he traded his goods himself in Moscow and then moved to Moscow, to Zwetnoi Bulwar ( Цветной бульвар / Flower Boulevard). His factory existed until 1840.
He opened a new workshop in Moscow, while his brother Tars Vishnyakov continued the workshop in the village of Shostovo until his son Osip grew up. In 1825, Ossip Filippowitsch Vishnyakov ( Осип Филиппович Вишняков , † 1888), the son of Filipp Nikititsch Vishnyakov, took over the workshop and successfully continued it until it was continued by his uncles Peter and Wassilii.
Ossip Vishnyakov later founded his own workshop together with EF Beljajew ( Е. Ф. Беляев ). This workshop of Vishnyakov and Belyayev, the first products of which appeared in 1830, became the largest in the region and at the beginning of the 19th century became an important competitor for Korobov and Lukutin's operations in Fedoskinos ( lacquer miniatures from Fedoskino ). In the second half of the 19th century, the paint miniatures from the Vishnyakov factory became just as famous as those from Lukutin. Both factories competed, they were the two outstanding workshops for lacquer miniatures in the Moscow area. Both workshops influenced each other in their art, masters were exchanged, painting techniques picked up, technical innovations from the other were adopted.
Ossip Vishnyakov also met his competition from the Urals, who offered lacquer paintings on metal, and recognized the market's needs for such. The metallurgical works of the Demidov family (a Russian entrepreneurial dynasty) were located in the Urals - in: Nizhny Tagil (metal trays are still made and painted there today), Nevyansk and Novouralsk (Verkh-Nevinsk). Vishnyakov switched his production to metal trays with lacquer paintings. In order not to get into trouble with the competition from the Urals over allegations of plagiarism, he changed the motives. His trays were decorated with the previous lacquer paintings, in contrast to the "primitive" pictures from the Urals. The Vishnyakov family's monopoly on trays with lacquer paintings did not last long. After serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861, entrepreneurial farmers from the neighborhood followed his example and opened workshops for lacquered trays at home. The metal trays were bought from local blacksmiths. Russian culture of drinking tea with samovar and sweets (honey, varenye , Russian fruit confections - Apfelpastillen, Russian honey-strawberry gingerbread, Kowrischki , pierogi , kulich ) favored the strong demand for pretty paint painted trays. In the Vishnyakov workshop, paper mache trays and objects were initially painted. In 1830 Vishnyakov's paintings on metal completely replaced paintings on paper mache. The paint painting on paper mache was outsourced to the village of Ostashkowo.
The further development of painting from Shostovo was stylistically influenced by enamel painting from companies in the Moscow region and porcelain painting, especially the lacquer miniatures from the Lukutin factory in Fedoskino.
After 1917
After the October Revolution (1917) several artels (cooperatives) were founded. These merged in 1928 in Shosovo to form the Metallopodnos (" Металлоподнос " / metal tray) company. In 1960 he was converted into the "Shostovo factory for decorative painting" ( Жостовская фабрика декоративной росписи ).
school
From 1938, professional training for tray painters took place directly in the production department. 1950 to 1980 the school in Fedoskino ( Fedoskino School for Miniature Painting ) trained specialists in lacquer miniatures, Finift from Rostov (Russian Ростовская финифть ; artistic enamel work) and painting on metal from Shostov.
literature
- Ирина Яковлевна Богуславская: Жостово: декоративная живопись. , Verlag Interbook 1994, ISBN 9785766409946
- Irina Jakowlewna Boguslawskaja: Zhostovo: painted trays. Masterpieces of Russian folk art. , Publishing house Interbook 1994,
- Heather Redick: Decorative painting Zhostovo style. , North Light Books, 1999; ISBN 9780891349877
- Irina Krapiwina: Russian hand-painted trays , 1981, (translated from Russian)