Takfīr
Takfīr ( Arabic تكفير) means in Islamic jurisprudence and theology the practice of accusing a Muslim or a group of Muslims of apostasy ( ridda ) to or as an unbeliever, i.e. declaring kāfir (plural: kuffar ). In most cases, a corresponding fatwa is issued by a court or an Islamic scholar. In the course of Islamic history it has happened again and again that Muslims were declared kaafir by other Muslims because of their teachings or behavior, because the accusers saw it as shirk or another serious form of kufr . For the accused, the takfīr declared to them could result in various penalties , such as social exclusion (as in excommunication ) or the death penalty . A militant jihad can also be a consequence of takfīr ( jihadism ).
A person who practices takfīr is also known as a xenonym takfiri . The corresponding ideology is called takfirism . In Wahhabism , the practice of Takfīr takes on a relatively important role due to the existing understandings of Tawheed , Bidʿa and Taqlīd as well as the resulting expansion of the facts of Kufr. The Wahhabi concept of Takfīr is largely based on the discourses of the Hanbali scholar Ibn Taimīya .
Takfirism, a centuries-old, originally Kharijite concept to legitimize the militant fight against religious and political opponents, gained new supporters among Islamists after the Six Day War , especially among the supporters of the writings of Sayyid Qutb (Qutbism), such as the supporters of the Egyptian militant Islamist group at-Takfir wa-l-Higra , for which the Takfīr gave its name. Many of them viewed current politicians as unbelievers because they failed to command the right and forbid the reprehensible ( Hisba ) and to enforce Sharia law and an Islamic state , and pronounced takfīr on them. During the 1970s and 1980s, the concept lived on among isolated groups in the Arab world and among the mujahideen in Afghanistan . The Egyptian Aiman az-Zawahiri and other later leading figures of Al-Qaeda were among his protagonists at this time, later also Abū Musʿab az-Zarqāwī . During the Iraq war , takfirism found widespread support among al-Qaeda's middle management levels. There he was nourished in particular by the idea that infidels in Muslim society had helped the enemies of Islam and should therefore be eliminated.
The Takfirismus is now considered one of the central and growing conflict and areas of action of some groups of Salafism . As Kettentakfīr some Salafists denote the fact that already, a person by knowingly omits to refer to unbelievers as infidels and to speak to the Takfir on them to unbelievers.
literature
- Saodah Bt. Abd. Rahman: The concept of Takfir (accusing of disbelief) among some contemporary Islamic movements with special reference to Egypt . Dissertation, University of Birmingham, Department of Theology, 1994
- Elhakam Sukhni: The Islamic-Koranic View of Blasphemy and Heresy , in: Interreligious Tolerance: On the Need for Christian-Islamic Dialogue; Philipp Thull (ed.), Hamid Reza Yousefi (ed.), Darmstadt 2014
- Mohammed M. Hafez: Takfir and violence against Muslims . In: Assaf Moghadam, Brian Fishman (Eds.): Fault Lines in Global Jihad. Organizational, strategic, and ideological fissures . Routledge, London, New York 2011, ISBN 978-0-415-58624-5 , pp. 25 ff. ( Google Books , digitized in the portal academia.edu )
- Mansour Salim H. Alshammari: Takfīr and Terrorism: Historical Roots, Contemporary Challenges and Dynamic Solutions. With special reference to al-Qaeda and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Dissertation, University of Leeds, Department of Arabic & Middle Eastern Studies, April 2013 ( PDF )
- VG Julie Rajan: Al Qaeda's Global Crisis. The Islamic State, takfir, and the genocide of Muslims . Routledge, London, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-138-78997-5 ( Google Books )
- Sabine Schmidtke et al. (Ed.): Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr. Brill, Leiden & Boston 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-30473-4
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. JO Hunwick: Takfīr . In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition , Vol. X, p. 122.
- ↑ Mathieu Guidère : Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism , Scarecrow Press, 2012, p 338
- ↑ Omar Ashour: The De-Radicalization of Jihadists. Transforming armed Islamist movements . Routledge, London and New York / NY 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-48545-6 , p. 9 ( Google Books )
- ↑ Ahmad S. Moussalli: Sayyid Qutb. Founder of radical Islamic political ideology . In: Shahram Akbarzadeh (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of Political Islam . New York / NY 2012, pp. 9, 25 ( Google Books )
- ^ Abdel Azim Ramadan: Fundamentalist Influence in Egypt: The Strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Takfir Groups . In: Marin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby (Eds.): Fundamentalism and the State. Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1993, ISBN 0-226-50883-8 , p. 157 ( Google Books )
- ^ Syed Saleem Shahzad : Takfirism: a messianic ideology . In: Le Monde diplomatique . English edition, July 2007 ( online )
- ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Salafism - what is it anyway? Definitions - ideological characteristics - typologies . Article from September 9, 2015 in the portal bpb.de ( Federal Agency for Civic Education ), accessed on April 30, 2016
- ↑ Philipp Holtmann: salafismus.de - Internet Activities German Salafists . In: Thorsten Gerald Schneiders (ed.): Salafism in Germany. Origins and dangers of an Islamic fundamentalist movement . transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2014, ISBN 978-3-8376-2711-4 , pp. 252, 269, 270, 273 ( Google Books )
- ↑ Jeroen De Keyser: Een schadelijke sectarian bedreiging ondersocht: Takfirisme . In: Marc Cools et al. (Ed.): Cahiers Inlichtingenstudies . No. 4, Antwerp 2014, ISBN 978-90-466-0736-7 , p. 37 ff. ( Google Books )
- ↑ Lamya Kaddor : Ready to kill. Why German young people are pulling into jihad . Piper Verlag, Munich / Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-492-97055-6 ( Google Books )