Talysh mole

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Talysh mole
Systematics
Order : Insect eater (Eulipotyphla)
Family : Moles (Talpidae)
Subfamily : Old World Moles (Talpinae)
Tribe : Actual moles (Talpini)
Genre : Eurasian moles ( Talpa )
Type : Talysh mole
Scientific name
Talpa talyschensis
Vereschchagin , 1945

The Talysh-mole ( Talpa talyschensis ) is a mammal of the family of moles (Talpidae) within the order of insectivores (Eulipotyphla). It is a small representative of the group, which outwardly resembles the Levantine mole , but is genetically closer to the Father David mole . It is common on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea in the south of Azerbaijan and in the north of Iran . The habitat includes forests and scrub areas. There is hardly any information about the way of life of the Talysh mole. It was scientifically named in 1945, but has long been considered a subspecies of various other Eurasian moles. It has only been recognized as an independent species since the mid-2010s. No investigations have been carried out to date on the threat to the existence.

features

Habitus

The Talysh mole is a small representative of the Eurasian mole. Its head-trunk length is 10.4 to 11.4 cm, the tail length 2.0 to 2.5 cm and the weight 31 to 49 g. the sexual dimorphism is only slightly pronounced. In terms of body dimensions, the Talysh mole is comparable to the Levantine mole ( Talpa levantis ). Like all Eurasian moles, it is characterized by a cylindrical and robust body, the neck is short, and the forefeet resembles grave digging. The fur has a dark gray to blackish color. The eyes remain hidden under the skin. The rear foot length is 1.6 to 1.7 cm.

Skull and dentition features

The skull is on average 31.1 mm long and 15.0 mm wide and 8.7 mm high at the cranium. The rostrum is 8.3 mm wide at the base and narrows to 4.3 mm towards the front. The tooth formula is :, the dentition therefore consists of 44 teeth. On the anterior upper molar , the mesostyle, a small cusp between the two main cusps on the lip side (paraconus and metaconus), has two small tips, whereas this is only single-pointed in the Levantine mole. The upper row of teeth is around 11.3 mm long.

Genetic traits

The diploid chromosome set is 2n = 34.

distribution and habitat

The distribution area of ​​the Talysh mole includes the southwestern coastal areas of the Caspian Sea . The northern limit of the occurrence is reached in the region around Lənkəran in southern Azerbaijan , the southern limit is found near Chalus in northern Iran . The habitat that stretches across the foreland of the Talysh and Elburs Mountains consists of subtropical forests and boxwood thickets with a high proportion of moss . The altitude distribution ranges from sea level to around 300 m.

Way of life

There is no information about the way of life of the Talysh mole, presumably it is similar to that of the Levantine mole . In the region around Chalus , numerous ejecta mounds ( molehills ) have been observed in forests and in bush areas on sandy ground.

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Eurasian moles according to Demırtaş et al. 2020
 Talpa  


 Talpa altaica


   

 Talpa ognevi


   

 Talpa caucasica




   


 Talpa talyschensis


   

 Talpa davidiana



   

 Talpa caeca


   

 Talpa stankovici


   

 Talpa transcaucasica


   

 Talpa levantis



   

 Talpa romana


   

 Talpa martinorum


   


 Talpa occidentalis


   

 Talpa aquitania



   

 Talpa europaea





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The Talysh mole is a type from the genus of the Eurasian moles ( Talpa ). The genus has more than a dozen members, the best known being the European mole ( Talpa europaea ). The Eurasian moles form part of the tribe of the real moles (Talpini) and the family of moles (Talpidae). The mostly burrowing forms of the moles are summarized within the actual moles. Other members of the family, on the other hand, only live partially underground, move above ground or have a semi-aquatic way of life.

The first scientific description of the Talysh mole was provided by Nikolai Kusmitsch Vereschtschagin in 1945. He used the name Talpa orientalis talyschensis and saw its new form as a subspecies of a representative, which is now counted as a Caucasian mole ( Talpa caucasica ). The lectotype consists of a skull of an adult male. The type region can be found in the south of Azerbaijan in the Talysh Mountains around Masallı .

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Talysh mole was sometimes also considered a variant of the blind mole ( Talpa caeca ). The great external resemblance to the Levantine mole ( Talpa levantis ) plus a matching karyotype , however, led at the end of the 20th century to the fact that the Talysh mole was regarded as its eastern subspecies, which is widely separated from its distribution area. The main differences between the two representatives are the details of the tooth design. Some scientists questioned the close connection between the Talysh and Levantine moles based on anatomical data. This view was supported by molecular genetic studies from 2015. Here there was a closer relationship to the Pater David's mole ( Talpa davidiana ), which occurs further south. Both relatives split off from one another at the end of the Pliocene around 2.5 million years ago. The line that led to the Levantine Mole, however, had already formed in the transition from the Miocene to the Pliocene. As a result, the Talysh mole was recognized as an independent species, which was also confirmed by the eighth volume of the standard work Handbook of the Mammals of the World in 2018.

Threat and protection

The Talysh Mole is not listed by the IUCN . There is no specific information on the hazard situation of the stand.

literature

  • Boris Kryštufek and Masaharu Motokawa: Talpidae (Moles, Desmans, Star-nosed Moles and Shrew Moles). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths, Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 552-620 (pp. 609-610) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • М. В. Зайцев, Л. Л. Войта and Б. И. Шефтель: Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий. Насекомоядные. Санкт-Петербург, 2014, pp. 1–390 (pp. 150–152)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d М. В. Зайцев, Л. Л. Войта and Б. И. Шефтель: Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий. Насекомоядные. Санкт-Петербург, 2014, pp. 1–390 (pp. 150–152)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Boris Kryštufek and Masaharu Motokawa: Talpidae (Moles, Desmans, Star-nosed Moles and Shrew Moles). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths, Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 552-620 (pp. 609-610) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  3. ↑ a b Boris Kryštufek: Skull analysis of small blind moles from Turkey and Iran. Folia Zoologica 50 (1), 2001, pp. 19-25 ( [1] )
  4. ↑ a b Boris Kryštufek: The distribution of the Levant Mole, Talpa levantis. Zoology in the Middle East 23 (1), 2001, pp. 17-21
  5. ↑ S. Naderi, A. Mirzajani, H. Rajabi Maham and E. Hadipour: The mammals of Anzali Wetland in the Southern Caspian Sea. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science 15 (3), 2017, pp. 223-235
  6. ^ A b Douglas M. Lay: A study of the mammals of Iran: resulting from the Street Expedition of 1962-63. Fieldiana Zoology 54, 1967, pp. 1–282 (pp. 130–131) ( [2] )
  7. ↑ Sadık Demırtaş, Metin Silsüpür, Jeremy B. Searle, David Bilton and İslam Gündüz: What should we call the Levant mole? Unraveling the systematics and demography of Talpa levantis Thomas, 1906 sensu lato (Mammalia: Talpidae). Mammalian Biology 100, 2020, pp. 1-18, doi: 10.1007 / s42991-020-00010-4
  8. ↑ a b Kai He, Akio Shinohara, Kristofer M. Helgen, Mark S. Springer, Xue-Long Jiang and Kevin L. Campbell: Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (1), 2016, pp. 78-87
  9. ^ Research Collections of the Zoological Institute RAS - Mammals ( [3] ), last accessed on May 15, 2010
  10. ^ Ivo Grulich: A contribution to the knowledge of the Eastern Mediterranean small, blind mole forms (Talpinae). Zoologické listy 21, 1972, pp. 3–21 ( [4] )
  11. ↑ М. В. Зайцев: Вопросы диагностики и систематики кротов Кавказа (Insectivora, Talpidae, Talpa). Зоологический Журнал 78 (6), 1999, pp. 718-731
  12. ↑ Anna A. Bannikova, Elena D. Zemlemerova, Paolo Colangelo, Mustafa Sözen, M. Sevindik, Artem A. Kidov, Ruslan I. Dzuev, Boris Kryštufek and Vladimir S. Lebedev: An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175, 2015, pp. 930-948