Pine gloom beetle
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Pine beetle ( Serropalpus barbatus ) |
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| Serropalpus barbatus | ||||||||||||
| Schaller , 1783 |
The inconspicuous pine beetle Dark , bearded darkling beetles or Großpalpen-Dark Beetle ( Serropalpus barbatus ) is a beetle from the family of the Dark Beetle (Melandryidae). It becomes 8 to 18 millimeters long and can be harmful to wood to a small extent.
The type is in Germany only in Thuringia out in a red list, under the category not currently estimate the level of danger, Data deficient .
Notes on the name
The species was first described by Schaller in 1783 under the name Mordella barbata . In the description, Schaller points out that the beetle was previously depicted by Schäffer under the name Elateroides primus . Schaller's Latin characterization of the beetle is: fusca, palpis ensiformibus trilobis; lobis lateralibus latissimus ( Latin gloomy, jaw palpation , sword-shaped, three-lobed, outer lobe very broad). In the detailed German description, Schaller formulates: The feeding tips, palpi, make this beetle so easily recognizable as a size by their special shape, they are turned in as usual next to the mouth and protrude in the shape of a mustache on both sides . This explains the species name barbatus (lat. Bearded) and the German name.
The generic name Serropalpus (from Latin sérra, saw. And. Pálpus, button) also refers to the striking jaw buttons.
The genus Serropalpus is represented in Europe with only two species, which belong to the same subgenus worldwide with eleven species in two subgenus.
Construction of the beetle
The beetle recalls by its body shape, the slender antennae and legs and the simple coloring a beetle , but differs therefrom by the lack of fast mechanism and the number of Tarsenglieder , which is on the hind legs only. 4 The remaining tarsi consist of 5 members (tarsi formula 5-5-4, family series Heteromera), while the tarsi of the click beetles are all five-membered. The pine gloom beetle is chestnut brown to black brown and has very fine yellow hairs. Feelers, buttons and legs are yellow-red to brown.
The elongated cylindrical body is pointed towards the rear and rounded towards the front. The head is angled more than 90 ° downwards from the body axis so that the mouthparts point slightly backwards. The upper jaws are small, short and triangular in shape. The jaw buttons are noticeably large and its limbs are shaped very differently so that they appear sawn. This explains the generic name (Serropalpus = sawn button). The end link of the jaw probe is wide, ax-shaped and grinds on the ground when walking (Fig. 1). The antennae are eleven-link and thread-shaped. In the female they are a little shorter than half the body, in the male a little longer. The large compound eyes indicate that the beetle is a twilight animal. They are bordered at the front, kidney-shaped, and the individual facets are relatively large and clearly visible when magnified ten times.
The legs are thin and long, the thighs cylindrical with short terminal spines, all the tarsal links are unlobed. The delicate claws are neither toothed nor divided. The peg-shaped hips of the forelegs touch. The extension of the front chest separates the hip cavities, which are open to the rear and in which the hips are pivoted, only partially (Fig. 2).
The pronotum is clearly and sharply edged laterally (Fig. 3). The base of the pronotum is as wide as the elytra , edged, and closes at right angles closely to the elytra.
The wing covers completely cover the back of the body from above. They are finely wrinkled dotted to ribbed and shallowly striped. The label is easily recognizable, elongated and rounded at the back.
Way of life
The adults occur from July to September. They are active in the evening and at night. Males live to be around 2 weeks old, females three. The females lay around 170 eggs in cracks in the bark of felled or dead trees. The wood must not be dry yet (fresh wood insect), but the development can also be completed in processed wood.
The yellow-white larvae have simple legs and are up to 25 millimeters long. On the last abdominal segment, they have two outwardly curved spines. They eat ducts with a diameter of up to 5.5 millimeters. The corridors run in different directions up to 55 millimeters deep into the wood and are filled with very light, dust-like nailing (drilling dust).
The dolls' cradles are placed perpendicular to the surface. The pupae are yellow-white with isolated spines on tergites and pronotum. When they hatch, they eat round loopholes with a diameter of 2 to 6 millimeters, which can be confused with those of wood wasps. The development usually takes 2 years, rarely 3. Several generations can occur in the same substrate.
Biotope and distribution
The beetles occur in Europe, Siberia, the Caucasus, north-east of Northern Europe and in North America (USA and Canada). Since specimens of the beetle were drawn from packaging material of imported goods, and the beetle was found in hardwood and foreign softwood as well as in native softwood, further distribution is possible.
The xylobionte pine gloom beetle is classified as an obligatory dead wood inhabitant and old wood colonist. It also colonizes thick wood. It occurs on dying, freshly felled trees and on stumps. The larva feeds on wood that is decomposing ( saproxylophag ), with no special demands on the substrate.
In Central Europe, the beetle prefers coniferous wood in montane altitudes, where it occasionally occurs frequently after a wind break. In the lowlands it is rather rare, but it has spread from the original distribution areas to the growing areas of the spruce (montane fauna element of the lowland spruce forest). It can also be found in lumber yards and occasionally in houses. In Saxony it was reported again for the first time in over 50 years.
Harm and protection
The beetle species is classified as an insignificant wood pest. Infested wood should be processed immediately so that subsequent generations do not further reduce the quality. Chemical treatment is only recommended in exceptional cases. However, since the beetle is rare or unknown in large areas, it is also regarded as an interesting fauna element and it enjoys particular interest as an element of the deadwood fauna.
swell
- ↑ Red lists at BioNetworkX
- ↑ a b JG Schaller: New Insect Treatises of the Hallische Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1: 217-332 Dessau, Leipzig 1783 p. 374: 322
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus)
- ↑ Serropalpus Serropalpus (subgenus) in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 17, 2013
- ↑ Species of the subgenus Serropalpus Serropalpus at BioLib
- ↑ Species of the subgenus Serropalpus Mimoserropalpus at BioLib
- ↑ Heinz Freude , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): Die Käfer Mitteleuropas . tape 8 . Teredilia Heteromera Lamellicornia . Elsevier, Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1969, ISBN 3-8274-0682-X .
- ^ Gustav Jäger (editor): CG Calwer 's Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition
- ↑ a b French information about xylophage insects ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sirex and Serropalpus
- ↑ a b c Atlas of Forest Insect Pests
- ↑ Solid Wood Packing Material as a Pathway for Nonindigenous Species ( Memento from June 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Occurrence in Tsuga canadensis
- ↑ Classification as obligatory dead wood inhabitant according to Köhler 1996: http://www3.lanuv.nrw.de/Willkommen/Aktuelles/Publikationen/LOEBF_Mitteilungen/Mitteilung_01_2002/Aus_dem_Inhalt/036_042e_pdf.pdf ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: Der Linkarchiven was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (no longer online)
- ↑ Classification as reclaimed wood colonist, No. 1019 ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) ( MS Excel ; 217 kB)
- ↑ Classification as saproxylophagous
- ↑ NABU leaflet, occurrence in Saxony (PDF; 53 kB)
literature
- Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 8 . Teredilia Heteromera Lamellicornia . Elsevier, Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1969, ISBN 3-8274-0682-X .
- Klaus Koch : The Beetles of Central Europe Ecology . 1st edition. tape 2 . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1989, ISBN 3-87263-040-7 , pp. 325 .
Web links
Images of larva, pupa and feeding tunnels
Nematodes Beddingia wilsoni and B. siridicicola parasitize in Serropalpus