Tashiro Sanki

Tashiro Sanki

Tashiro Sanki ( Japanese 田 代 三 喜 ; * 1465 in Tashiro, Musashi Province (today Koike, Ogose (Saitama) ); † 1537 ) was a Japanese doctor who was a strong medicine in Japan in the Age of the Warring States ( Sengoku-jidai ) and gave lasting impetus and, along with Manase Dōsan and Nagata Tokuhon, is one of the “three venerable doctors” ( 三聖 , sansei ) in the upheaval of early modernism .

Life

Tashiro Sanki entered a Rinzai-style Zen temple at the age of 15 , then moved to the Ashikaga School , one of the oldest schools in Japan teaching Confucianism , Chinese Medicine , Martial Science, I Ching , etc. In 1487, at the age of 23, he moved to China and became a student of the famous monk doctor Yuè Hú ( 月 湖 ). Twelve years later he returned to Japan with numerous writings, including the works Quán jiŭ jí ( 全 九 集 , Japanese Zenku-shū ) and Jí yīn fāng ( 済 陰 方 , Japanese Saiin-hō ), written by his teacher .

After a short stay in Kamakura , he became the personal physician of Ashikaga Shigeuji ( 足 利 成 氏 ) in Koga ( Shimousa Province , now Ibaraki Prefecture ). Here he gave up monk status and married. During this time his name spread as "Sanki von Koga" ( 古河 の 三 喜 , Koga no Sanki ). A few years later he returned to his homeland and took care of the sick in the region.

On September 1, 1961, his presumed birthplace was designated a Historic Site by the prefecture.

Teaching

In China, Tashiro had mainly dealt with the medicine of the Jin Dynasty (1125-1234) (also Jurchen Dynasty) and the Yuan Dynasty . Here the teachings of the two physicians Lǐ Gǎo ( 李 杲 , alias Lǐ Dōngyuán ( 李 東垣 ), 1180-1251) and Zhū Dānxī ( 朱 丹溪 , 1281-1358) dominated. Both advocated tonifying therapies and, in their theoretical foundation, paid special attention to the relationship between the body and the environment, ie the way of life. In the endeavors towards comprehensive systematisation, we find a close connection to the neo-Confucianism represented by Zhū Xī ( 朱 熹 , 1120–1200), which later came to Japan via Korea and had a strong influence on Japanese during the Edo period Had thought. Among Li's writings, the “Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach” ( 脾胃 論 , Pí weì lùn , 1249) was particularly widespread.

Back in Japan, Tashiro founded the "School of the Later Age" ( 後世 派 , Goseiha ), which was so named because it was younger than the previously dominant teachings of the Chinese Song era . In its etiology, wind and moisture played a major role as the cause of diseases. In the body, it is above all the blood, the Ki ( 気 , Chinese qi ) and the Tan ( 痰 , phlegm) that are affected. More recent finds of scriptures such as the Shū-i tontoku ( 酬 医 頓 得 ) show that he was also familiar with Buddhist medicine and ultimately had a merging of these teachings with those of the Jin and Yuan periods in mind. Before the Jin Dynasty, there was a strong tendency towards the use of pre-prepared remedies, while the doctors of the Jin and Yuan periods tailored the choice and manufacture of the remedies to each individual patient and case of illness.

Manase Dōsan stands out among his numerous students , who adopted these concepts and tried to adapt them to Japanese conditions.

Works

Most of Tashiro's teachings recorded by students were not printed until after his death. The following writings are considered representative:

• Sanki Kaiō isho ( 三 帰 廻 翁 医書 )
• Sanki jikishi-hen ( 三 喜 直指 篇 ). This work was passed down in the Hara family and published in 1790 by Hara Nanyō (1753-1820), a doctor of the Mito domain . ( Image file in the archive of Waseda University, Tokyo )
• Wakyoku-shū ( 和 極 集 ).

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b} Another possible place of birth mentioned in literature is Kawagoe in the Musashi province (today the city of Kawagoe , Saitama prefecture ). ( Kokushidaijiten )
2. ↑ Other sources give the year 1544. See Yakazu (1982).
3. ↑ Endō / Nakamura (1998)
4. ↑ Endō / Nakamura (1998); Rosner (1989), pp. 48f.

literature

• Endō Jirō, Nakamura Teruko: Shū-i tontoku ni mirareru Tashiro Sanki no isetsu . Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi - Journal of the Japanese Society for the History of Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1998, pp. 73-90.
• Yū Fujikawa: The Doctor in Japanese Culture . Imperial Japanese Ministry of Education, Tokyo, 1911, p. 33.
• Erhard Rosner: Medical History of Japan , in: Handbuch Der Orientalistik, Fifth Department . Brill, Leiden, 1989.
• Yakazu Dōmei: Kinsei Kampō igaku-shi: Manase Dōsan to sono gakutō . Tokyo: Meicho-shuppan, 1982.

Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . Thus Tashiro is the family name, Sanki the first name.