Textile concrete

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Textile concrete
3D reinforcement in concrete

Textile concrete is an artificial composite material that, similar to reinforced concrete, consists of the two components concrete and reinforcement . It is suitable for both the production of new and the reinforcement of existing components. Fine-grained concretes with a maximum grain size of <= 2 mm and normal concretes with a maximum grain size of <= 8 mm are used as concrete. As in reinforced concrete construction, the comparatively low tensile strength of the concrete is compensated for by high tensile strength reinforcement. Technical textiles , usually non-woven fabrics, are used for textile concrete . Alkali-resistant glass (→ glass fibers ) and carbon have proven themselves as fiber materials . Textile concrete has been developed mainly at the universities in Dresden and Aachen since the mid-1990s and its fundamentals have been researched within the framework of two special research areas of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The term textile concrete includes mat-like reinforcements made of alkali-resistant glass and carbon or basalt, but not rod-shaped reinforcements made of these materials. In contrast, the term carbon concrete includes mat-like and rod-shaped reinforcements made of carbon, but not alkali-resistant glass and carbon. Textile concrete is therefore neither an umbrella term nor a subgroup of carbon concrete. Rather, both areas intersect with the mat-like reinforcements made of carbon.

history

World's first bridge made of textile concrete on the grounds of the State Garden Show Oschatz 2006 (Saxony)

Alternatives to corrosion-prone steel reinforcement have been sought for several decades. Especially since 1999, the development of this new material has been carried out in two special research areas funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) - SFB 528 (focus on reinforcement, spokesperson: Manfred Curbach ) in Dresden and SFB 532 (focus on new components, spokesperson: Prof. Josef Hegger ) in Aachen - driven forward. In the Dresden Collaborative Research Center, the focus was primarily on the possibilities of repairing and strengthening solid structures with textile concrete. Research at RWTH Aachen University focused on the use of textile concrete for new components. With the help of approvals in individual cases, the first practical projects were carried out during the term of the Collaborative Research Center. The implementation in practice along the entire process chain - from the material to the finished component - has been continued since 2014 in Germany's largest research project in the construction industry, "C³ - Carbon Concrete Composite". The C³ project is supported with 45 million euros in funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Twenty20 funding initiative - Partnership for Innovation and has over 160 members (as of April 2019).

There are now numerous approved textile concrete products, practical projects and interest groups such as TUDALIT e. V., Texton e. V. or the CC BAU department of the CC e. V.

Ingredients and composition

Textile-reinforced concrete consists of two components: the reinforcement textile to absorb the tensile forces and a concrete for the removal of compressive stresses, the creation of the bond and the mechanical protection of the textile.

Textiles made from high-performance continuous fibers such as alkali-resistant glass or carbon fibers have the great advantage that they do not rust. A textile fabric consists of yarns, which in turn are composed of many continuous fibers (filaments) and processed into lattice-like structures on textile machines. Both the fiber material and the type of manufacture and geometry of the textiles can vary. Textiles can thus be made available for a wide variety of applications.

The concrete usually has a maximum grain size of 8 mm maximum. Particularly when it comes to component reinforcements, the aim is to apply textile concrete in thin layers, which only works when using a fine grain size (largest grain of maximum 2 mm in diameter). If larger component thicknesses of over 3 cm are permitted, concretes with a larger grain size (up to 8 mm) have proven their worth.

Applications

Textile concrete bridge over the Rottach in Kempten (Allgäu)

Textile concrete is primarily characterized by its lightness and high load-bearing capacity. In addition, it is predestined for the production of freely formed layers and components, since the fabric is flexible and the initially plastic concrete can preserve any shape after solidification.

The reinforcement of concrete components with textile concrete allows enormous increases in load-bearing capacity and is a serious alternative to conventional methods such as shotcrete or fiber-reinforced plastics. In addition to increasing the load capacity, limiting deformations and reducing crack widths are very positive. Executed projects are e.g. B. the upgrading of a lecture hall roof at the University of Applied Sciences Schweinfurt, a listed barrel roof and a listed dome in Zwickau, ceilings in a commercial building or a sugar silo. These measures would not have been possible without textile concrete.

Textile concrete is also well suited for new components. The building material has already established itself in lightweight facade panels. Light bridges are another area of ​​application. The world's first bridge made of textile concrete was built in 2005 for the state horticultural show in Oschatz . She has received several prizes, including the Special Encouragement Award from fib (fédération internationale du béton). In autumn 2007, a second, around 17-meter-long foot and cycle bridge in Kempten was opened to the public, which, unlike the bridge in Oschatz, can carry a clearing vehicle in addition to the pedestrian load. This is currently the world's longest segment bridge made of textile concrete. The currently longest bridge made of textile concrete crosses the federal highway 463 in Albstadt- Lautlingen . This bridge, which was completed in November 2010, has a length of 97 meters with individual spans of up to 17 meters.

recycling

An important component of a successful market launch is complete recyclability. Current research and development results show that after the end of their useful life, the textile reinforcement and the concrete can be separated again using technology that is already common today. A degree of purity of 97% is achieved. The concrete can then be recycled in concrete recycling and the carbon in carbon recycling - i.e. where sporting goods, cars, airplanes etc. are also recycled. Approaches to the recovery of recycled fibers, z. B. to short fibers, nonwovens or long fibers, are in some cases already implemented on an industrial scale. Even if the textile reinforcement and the concrete can already be separated and recycled, there is largely a lack of products in the construction industry (as in other industries) in which recycled carbon fibers are used. This will be a focus of research in the coming years. For the early and extensive consideration of these processes and the overall sustainability, the developments related to carbon concrete have already received numerous awards.

Price-performance ratio

A kilogram of steel costs around EUR 1, a kilogram of carbon costs around EUR 16. However, the load-bearing capacity of carbon is six times higher than that of steel. In addition, the density of carbon is only a quarter of that of steel. For about 16 times the price, you get 24 times the performance (density x load capacity). Therefore, in purely mathematical terms, carbon would already be cheaper than steel today. Since the production of reinforced concrete is now highly optimized and automated compared to that of carbon concrete, reinforced concrete parts are still cheaper than the often still manual production of carbon concrete. However, the significantly reduced use of materials has a positive effect on carbon concrete. Facade panels or reinforcement layers with carbon concrete, for example, are only around 2 cm thick instead of around 8 cm, as is the case with reinforced concrete. This means that 75% less material has to be manufactured, transported, installed and anchored.

Thus, textile concrete is already more economical than reinforced concrete in some practical projects and is used.

See also

literature

  • M. Dupke: Textile-reinforced concrete as protection against corrosion. 1st edition. Diplomica Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8366-9405-6 .
  • M. Curbach et al: Status report on the use of textiles in solid construction. In: German Committee for Reinforced Concrete. Issue 488, Beuth, Berlin 1998.
  • M. Curbach, F. Jesse: Reinforcing with textile concrete. In: concrete calendar. 99, T. 1, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2010, pp. 457-565.
  • K. Bergmeister, J.-D. Wörner: Concrete Calendar 2005 . Ernst & Sohn, 2004, ISBN 3-433-01670-4 .
  • W. Brameshuber (Ed.): Textile Reinforced Concrete: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee 201-TRC: Textile Reinforced Concrete. (= Report. 36). RILEM, Bagneux 2006, ISBN 2-912143-99-3 .
  • M. Curbach, S. Scheerer: Concrete light - Possibilities and Visions. In: V. Šrůma (Ed.): Proceedings of the fib Symposium Prague 2011: Concrete Engineering for Excellence and Efficiency, 8. – 10. June 2011, Keynote Plenary Lectures. DVD-ROM. ISBN 978-80-87158-29-6 , pp. 29-44.
  • M. Curbach, S. Scheerer: How today's building materials influence tomorrow's building. In: KIT (Hrsg.): Construction materials and concrete construction - teaching, researching, testing, applying. Festschrift for the 60th birthday of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald S. Müller. compiled by M. Haist and N. Herrmann. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 2010, ISBN 978-3-86644-795-0 , pp. 25–36.
  • M. Curbach, B. Haupttenbuchner, R. Ortlepp, S. Weiland: Textile-reinforced concrete to reinforce a hypar shell structure in Schweinfurt. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction. 102, 6, 2007, pp. 353-361. doi: 10.1002 / best.200700551
  • F. Schladitz, E. Lorenz, F. Jesse, M. Curbach: Reinforcement of a listed barrel shell with textile concrete. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction. 104, 7, 2009, pp. 432-437.
  • D. Ehlig, F. Schladitz, M. Frenzel, M. Curbach: Textile concrete-executed projects at a glance. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction. 107, 11, 2012, pp. 777-785.
  • M. Horstmann, J. Hegger: Sandwich facades made of textile concrete - experimental investigations. In: Structural Engineering. 88, 5, 2011, pp. 281-291.
  • HN Schneider, C. Schätzke, C. Feger, M. Horstmann, D. Pak: Modular building systems made of textile-reinforced concrete sandwich elements. In: M. Curbach, F. Jesse (Hrsg.): Textile reinforced structures: Proceedings of the 4th colloquium on textile reinforced structures (CTRS4), 3. – 5. June 2009. Dresden, pp. 565-576.
  • M. Curbach, W. Graf, D. Jesse, J.-U. Sickert, S. Weiland: Segment bridge made of textile-reinforced concrete. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction. 102, 6, 2007, pp. 342-352.

Web links

Commons : Textile concrete  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lieboldt, M .: Fine concrete matrix for textile concrete; Requirements - practical adaptation - properties . In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction special 110 . Issue S1, 2015, p. 22-28 .
  2. ↑ Collaborative Research Center 528. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Schladitz, F .; Curbach, M .: Carbon Concrete Composite . In: Holschemacher, K (Ed.): 12th Concrete Components Conference - New Challenges in Concrete Construction . Beuth Verlag, 2017, p. 121-138 .
  4. ↑ Collaborative Research Center 528. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
  5. ↑ DFG - GEPRIS - SFB 528: Textile reinforcement for structural reinforcement and repair. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Overview of the C³ partners - Carbon Concrete Composite e. V. Accessed on April 12, 2019 (German).
  7. ↑ TUDALIT. In: TUDALIT e. V. Accessed on April 12, 2019 (German).
  8. ↑ TRC: Network texton. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
  9. ↑ CC Construction | Carbon Composites e. V. - The network. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Lieboldt, M .: Fine concrete matrix for textile concrete; Requirements - practical adaptation - properties. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction special 110 . Issue S1, 2015, p. 22-28 .
  11. ^ Schneider, K .; Butler, M .; Mechtcherine, V .: Carbon Concrete Composites C³ - Sustainable binders and concretes for the future . In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction . Ernst & Sohn Verlag for Architecture and Technical Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 2017.
  12. ↑ Jan Kortmann, Florian Kopf: C³-V1.5 Demolition, dismantling and recycling of C³ components . Ed .: C³ - Carbon Concrete Composite e. V. and TUDALIT e. V. Proceedings of the 10th Carbon and Textile Concrete Days, 2018, p. 84-85 .
  13. ↑ Jan Kortmann, Florian Kopf, Lars Hillemann, Peter Jehle: Recycling of carbon concrete - processing on an industrial scale successful! In: civil engineer . Annual edition 2018/2019 of the VDI Building Technology Department, ISSN  0005-6650 , p. 38-44 .