Technical textile

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Erosion protection mats on the new bridge embankment

Technical textiles is a collective term for textile materials (linear textile structures such as cord and flat textile structures such as woven fabrics , knitted fabrics , knitted fabrics , nonwovens , felts ) and finished textile products made from them (such as protective suits or tents ), which are used primarily for their technical and functional properties and not for their aesthetic and decorative character. This definition is used to distinguish it from traditional textiles that are used by consumers as clothing and home textiles.

term

For many years (in the USA partly still today) the collective term “industrial textiles” also existed, especially for those products that serve as components of another product and contribute to improving the strength and other properties there (e.g. . Cord in tires ), which are used as process aids in the manufacture of other products (such as textile filter media or paper machine coverings ) or which can be used directly to fulfill important functions (such as, for example, stadium roofs). With the increasing number of textiles for medical, hygiene, sports, transport, construction and agricultural applications, the proportion of those with industrial use in the total area of ​​application decreased accordingly. The industrial textiles thus developed into a subgroup of the technical textiles. To date, however, there is no universally accepted definition and subdivision for technical textiles. Ultimately, however, the term “technical textiles” and the definition given have largely prevailed; because this is the best way to classify new products in one of the most dynamically developing areas of the textile industry . Nevertheless, new generic terms keep appearing that are used for this type of product or only some of these products, such as B. functional textiles , high-performance textiles.

In the state-organized economy of the GDR , the establishment of the Association of People's Own Enterprises (VVB) Technische Textilien (later Kombinat Technische Textilien) in 1965 contributed significantly to the early establishment of the collective term "Technical Textiles" , in which, for the first time, there was a concentrated international production potential for technical textiles manufacturing company was created. In 1967 research and development was concentrated in the WTZ (Scientific and Technical Center). The magazine Technische Textilien has been published since 1958. It was founded in Dresden by Ulrich Liebscher (publisher) as a newsletter of the then central research and development center for the bast fiber industry.

Fibers for technical textile products

For technical textiles, the fibers have to meet special requirements in terms of physical or chemical properties (e.g. increased strength, increased modulus of elasticity, flame-retardant, chemical-resistant, rot-resistant, etc.), which is why they are usually made from special types of conventional man-made fibers or fibers made from special polymers become.

The latter are grouped under the group of high performance fibers (high-tech fibers) (both staple fibers and filaments) and are usually divided into polyaromatic fibers (e.g. PPTA , PEEK , PPS ) according to the criterion of chemical structure. , Polyheterocyclic fibers (e.g. PEI , PB I and PI ), homoaliphatic fibers (e.g. HPPE , PTFE , high-strength PAN ). The high-performance fibers also include carbon, mineral (glass) or ceramic and metallic fibers on an inorganic basis. From the practical point of view of the manufacturers and developers of technical textiles, however, there is usually a division into high-strength or high-modulus fibers and high-temperature or flame-resistant fibers with limited strength. Chemical, hydrolytic and electrical properties are also taken into account. The following are counted among the high-strength or high-modulus fibers:

  • high-strength synthetic fibers with low temperature resistance such as high-strength polyethylene fibers (e.g. Dyneema ) and high-strength polyvinyl alcohol fibers ( PVA ):
  • high-strength synthetic fibers with increased temperature resistance such as p-aramid fibers (PPTA), melt-spinnable polyaromatic fibers (LPC), polybenzoxazole fibers (PBO) and homopolyacrylonitrile fibers (pure PAN);
  • High tenacity filament yarns of conventional man-made fibers with limited thermal load capacity such as high tenacity viscose filament yarns (CV), high tenacity polyester filament yarns (PET and PEN), high tenacity polyamide filament yarns (PA)
  • high-strength inorganic fiber materials with high thermal resistance such as carbon or graphite fibers, glass fibers, basalt fibers, ceramic fibers and metal fibers.

The following are counted among the high-temperature (HT) or flame-resistant fibers with limited strength:

  • Infusible HT or flame-resistant fibers with limited strength such as m-aramid fibers, aromatic polyimide fibers (PI), aromatic polyamideimide fibers, polybenzimidazole fibers (PBI), melamine / formaldehyde resin fibers, phenol / formaldehyde resin fibers, pre-oxidized PAN fibers (Prerox fibers) and cellulose / silica hybrid fibers:
  • Fusible, high-temperature or flame-resistant fibers with limited strength such as polyetheretherketone fibers (PEEK), polyetherimide fibers (PEI), polyphenylene sulfide fibers (PPS) and polytetrafluoroethylene fibers (PTFE).

Other important developments in the field of fibers for technical textiles are z. B .:

application areas

Insulation fleece made from hemp fibers

Today, TECHTEXTIL, the international trade fair for technical textiles and nonwovens, is often used to subdivide the application areas of technical textiles:

Comparable subdivisions according to application areas are also contained in standard works on technical textiles.

A subdivision according to the various functions of technical textiles can also be made across these application areas :

Historical development

Products that we now call technical textiles and include them in economic statistics were manufactured thousands of years ago. It is difficult to give a precise indication of the earliest use, as they were made using natural fibers and were therefore subject to rotting. Sometimes it's just drawings or engravings in stones that tell us about the manufacture or use. These technical textiles with a very long tradition include: B .:

  • Ropes that were used as early as 2900 BC. In Egypt from papyrus plants (also from flax fibers and certain types of grass) and are also known from Mesopotamia (here also from goat hair) and from the ancient Greeks and Romans. From the Middle Ages onwards, the rope makers were also known as a professional group in Germany. For many centuries the ropes were mainly made from hemp fibers and Manila hemp, and less from sisal fibers , cotton fibers, flax fibers, ramie fibers or jute . From the middle of the 20th century, natural fibers were increasingly replaced by polyamide fibers , but also polyester fibers and polypropylene fibers .
  • Nets , which because of their importance for fishing, are also among the oldest technical textiles. A net was found in Korpilahti ( Finland ), made of twine made of willow bast , is dated 8000 BC. Dated. But nets from this period were also found in Nahal Hemar ( Israel ) , for example . Network fragments dating back to the 6th to 4th centuries BC BC, also come from Friesack in Brandenburg and Hohenviecheln near Wismar . They consisted of willow and elm bast .: Later nets were made from flax and hemp yarn. In the second half of the 20th century, under the influence of synthetic filament yarns, the use of natural fibers for nets fell sharply.
  • Sails that were used by the Egyptians as early as the 4th millennium BC. Should have been used. It is known that Minoans , Phoenicians and Egyptians died in the 2nd millennium BC. Had ships with sails, but they were probably made of reed mats or animal skins ; but there was also evidence of sails made from flax and hemp fabrics. In the Middle Ages, the Vikings used sails made of fulled wool fabric, which were additionally equipped with tallow , tar or fish oil ; such fabrics existed in northern Europe until the 19th century. From the 14th century, the manufacture of sail fabrics on special looms began especially by the Dutch: The hemp yarns that were mostly used at the beginning were increasingly pushed back by flax yarns. From the middle of the 19th century, sail fabrics made of cotton were primarily made in the USA, although there are also indications that Indians are said to have used cotton for sails as early as antiquity. From the middle of the 20th century, fabrics made from polyester and polyacrylonitrile fibers replaced cotton, with sail production becoming increasingly limited to sports and leisure boats.
  • Tents which, after leaving the caves, became very important as living space for the nomadic people at an early stage in human history. In the beginning hides and wool felts were certainly used for the tents; later fabrics made from flax and hemp, but also from goat hair and, more and more, from cotton. With the strong appearance of camping tents from the middle of the 20th century, fabrics made of man-made fibers were used: Although the roofing of the Colosseum was already done with sail fabrics made of flax or hemp in Roman times, a preliminary stage of the actual textile construction is only the large-capacity tents for folk festivals In the middle of the 19th century. From the middle of the 20th century, polyester fabric with a polyvinyl chloride coating was used for textile structural structures and also for air domes, and from the 1970s, glass fiber fabrics with a PTFE coating in particular were used.

In the course of history, there have always been new areas of application for technical textiles in interaction with requirements from industry, construction, medicine and household, but also from the middle of the 20th century due to the performance of the increasingly numerous chemical fibers and new manufacturing processes, such as for example: for knitted fabrics and nonwovens . The manufacture of technical textiles became an increasingly important part of the textile industry . For example, between 1980 and 1990 in Western Europe , your share of total textile production rose from 9 to 22 percent.

market

From the mid-1990s to 2010, the production of technical textiles increased by 40% in real terms. This economic sector grew against the trend of the textile industry as a whole. According to the general association textil + mode, total sales in the manufacture of technical textiles amounted to € 2.252 billion in 2013 and were thus 5.5% below that of 2012. This does not include rope goods (although ropes, nets for traditional technical textiles belonging), which are statistically recorded separately and achieved sales of € 143 million in 2013. The nonwovens and products from them are also recorded as a separate area, although a considerable part also has technical applications. In 2013, sales in manufacturing in this area were € 1.376 billion, 0.8% higher than in 2012. Total sales in the textile industry reached € 9.937 billion in 2012, including due to the German SME Act that came into force on January 1, 2007 only production figures of the companies with an employee number of 50+ are recorded. For companies with one or more employees, an extrapolation of € 16.059 billion for the entire German textile industry is shown.

On the other hand, results for the year 2010 were published in 2011 in a Textile Innovation Report 2011, according to which, according to the Industry Association for Finishing - Yarns - Fabrics - Technical Textiles e. V. the sales figures for technical textiles are said to have reached € 7.8 billion and thus make up about 52% of the total sales of the textile industry in Germany. The total turnover of the textile industry is shown at € 15.1 billion, which indicates that companies with also low employment figures are recorded, which could also be a reason for the difference in information for the technical textiles sector; In addition, the recording of additional product groups of technical textiles is conceivable, which is assigned to other product groups when recorded by the Federal Statistical Office. In this innovation report, the world market for technical textiles is stated at € 127.2 billion in 2010. In the application markets for Germany, the Mobiltech market is given with 22%, followed by Indutech with 18% and Meditech with 13% of the total application market.

literature

  • Fabia Denninger (Ed.): Lexicon of technical textiles . Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-86641-093-0 .
  • Petra Knecht (Ed.): Technical textiles . German specialist publisher. Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-87150-892-6 .
  • A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash Annand (Ed.): Handbook of Technical Textiles . Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 1-85573-385-4 .
  • Sabit Adanur (Ed.): Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles . Technomic Publishing, Lancaster / Basel 1995, ISBN 1-56676-340-1 .
  • Gerhard Straßer: Gripping technology for the automated handling of technical textiles in fiber composite production . Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8316-4161-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash C. Annand (Ed.): Handbook of Technical Textiles. Volume 1: Technical Textile Processes. 2nd Edition. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2016, ISBN 978-1-78242-458-1 , p. 2.
  2. ^ MJ Denton, PN Daniels (Ed.): Textile Terms and Definitions. 11th edition. The Textile Institute, Manchester 2002, ISBN 1-870372-44-1 , p. 345.
  3. ↑ Sabit Adanur (Ed.): Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles . Technomic Publishing, Lancaster / Basel 1995, ISBN 1-56676-340-1 , p. 3.
  4. ↑ Chris Bryne: Technical textiles Market - an overview . In A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash C. Annand (Eds.): Handbook of Technical Textiles . Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 1-85573-385-4 , p. 3.
  5. ^ Manfred skull: The development of the VVB technical textiles in the economic system of socialism. In: Yearbook of Economic History, Part IV. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1969, pp. 41–43, see digitalis.uni-koeln.de
  6. ↑ Hilmar Fuchs : Technical textiles - the basis of structural change in the textile industry. In: Technical textiles. Issue 4, September 2017, ISSN  0323-3243 , p. 218.
  7. ↑ Petra Knecht (Ed.): Technical textiles . German specialist publisher. Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-87150-892-6 , p. 57.
  8. ↑ Tatsuya Hongu, Glyn O. Phillips, Machiko Takigami: New millennium fibers . Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 1-85573-601-2 , p. 4.
  9. ↑ Hans-J. Koslowski: Chemical fiber - Lexicon. 12th, expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-87150-876-9 , p. 104.
  10. ↑ Walter Loy: Chemical fibers for technical textile products. 2nd, fundamental revised and expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-86641-197-5 , p. 73.
  11. ↑ Walter Loy: Chemical fibers for technical textile products. 2nd, fundamental revised and expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-86641-197-5 , pp. 74-107.
  12. ↑ Walter Loy: Chemical fibers for technical textile products. 2nd, fundamental revised and expanded edition. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-86641-197-5 , pp. 107-119.
  13. ↑ A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash C. Annand (Ed.): Handbook of Technical Textiles. Volume 1: Technical Textile Processes . 2nd Edition. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2016, ISBN 978-1-78242-458-1 , pp. 21-32.
  14. ↑ A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash C. Annand (Ed.): Handbook of Technical Textiles. Volume 1: Technical Textile Processes. 2nd Edition. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2016, ISBN 978-1-78242-458-1 , p. 26.
  15. ↑ Techtextil official catalog. Messe Frankfurt Medien und Service GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 2011, pp. 597–600.
  16. ^ A. Richard Horrocks, Subhash Annand (Ed.): Handbook of Technical Textiles . Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 1-85573-385-4 , pp. 20-22.
  17. ↑ Sabit Adanur (Ed.): Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles . Technomic Publishing, Lancaster / Basel 1995, ISBN 1-56676-340-1 , pp. 8-11.
  18. ↑ based on information in: Stefan Mecheels, Herbert Vogler, Josef Kurz: Culture & Industrial History of Textiles . Wachter, Bönnigheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-9812485-3-1 , pp. 585-601.
  19. ↑ Sabit Adanur (Ed.): Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles . Technomic Publishing, Lancaster / Basel 1995, ISBN 1-56676-340-1 , p. 4.
  20. ↑ Deutsche Bank Research: Textile / Clothing Industry: Innovation and Internationalization as Success Factors. July 6, 2011.
  21. ↑ General association textil + mode: Economic report 02/2014. textil-mode.de ; Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  22. ↑ INNtex Innovation Network Textil eV: Innovation Report 2011. Textile Chemnitz June 2011.