Transgenic rice
As transgenic rice (colloquially GM rice ) is using the methods of agricultural biotechnology modified rice called. The aim of the manufacturers of such rice varieties is to achieve a higher resistance to diseases, weeds (LL varieties) or pests (Bt varieties) by introducing appropriate genes into the genome. Another goal is a higher yield, faster ripening and an improved nutrient content (golden rice). The People's Republic of China announced in September 2011 that it would no longer commercialize genetically engineered rice.
Golden rice
The golden rice contains three enzymes that lead to the biosynthesis of beta-carotene (provitamin A). This rice variety tries to counteract vitamin A deficiency symptoms in correspondingly undersupplied regions (for more details see main article). The market launch is scheduled for 2011 in the Philippines, India and Vietnam.
HARDY gene
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. However, its cultivation consumes large amounts of water (up to three times more per unit of yield than maize, for example). When looking for a rice variety with a lower water requirement, plant physiologists discovered the Arabidopsis variant, which was characterized by improved water use due to a mutated gene. Researchers isolated this gene (HARDY gene) and transferred it to other rice varieties. In fact, the transgenic plants coped better with dry soils.
Bt rice
In November 2009, a genetically modified rice variety was approved for commercial cultivation in China for the first time, after more than 20 years of research and field trials since 1997. Through insect resistance, an 8% higher yield could be achieved in field trials with a reduction in pesticide consumption by 80%. Two further certificates must be issued in China before Bt rice is likely to be grown in 2012–2013, according to expert estimates. In India, too, Bt rice has been tested in field trials since 2003.
Herbicide tolerant rice
Liberty Link 601
In 2006, the rice Liberty Link 601 (LL601) from Bayer CropScience, which was grown on test fields in the USA, hit the headlines. In August 2006 it was detected in rice imports in the EU, even though it is not approved for consumption in the European Union . In September 2006, traces of type LL601 were found in food controls in German rice mills, in wholesalers and in retail. In Austria, 278 samples were taken by AGES during food controls up to January 2007 , 50 of which tested positive for the LL601 variety.
In December 2009, the St. Louis District Court sentenced Bayer CropScience to pay nearly two million dollars in damages to two farmers whose rice was contaminated during the test cultivation. LL601 has been approved for cultivation in the USA since 2006 and as a food and feed in Colombia since 2008.
Liberty Link 62
Liberty Link 62 (LL 62) is a genetically modified rice variety from Bayer subsidiary CropScience . The transgene produces a protein in the plant called PAT, which makes LL62 resistant to broad-spectrum herbicides with the active ingredient glufosinate such as Liberty, Basta or Ignite.
Bayer has been trying to obtain approval for the cultivation of LL 62 in Brazil since March 2009. For the European Union , Bayer has applied for approval of LL 62 for import and processing as food and feed.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dirk Zimmermann: China stops GM rice. In: greenpeace.de. February 1, 2012, accessed September 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Golden Rice to hit market by 2011 (English)
- ^ Rheinischer Merkur: Revolution in the rice field January 7, 2010
- ↑ eurobiotechnews.eu: China's green light will impact in the EU. European Biotechnology News ( Memento of the original of July 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English); February 1, 2010
- ↑ Transgen.de ( Memento of the original from September 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Third federal state reports Genreis discovery. Spiegel Online , September 22, 2006.
- ↑ ages.at: GMO rice examinations ( Memento of the original dated November 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bayer Must Pay Farmers for Contaminated Rice Crop (Update5) (English)
- ↑ Summary of Regulatory Approvals (English)
- ↑ Empresas piden liberación de arroz transgénico en Brasil
- ↑ LL RICE 62 ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at transgen.de, (accessed October 27, 2011).
