Transnationalism

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Transnationalism ( Latin trans "through, beyond, over") is a sub-process of globalization and, in sociology and its neighboring disciplines, describes a bundle of phenomena that result from social interactions beyond the borders of nation states. The word is also used more unspecifically for global activities by companies and non-governmental organizations, or more generally by non-governmental actors.

The differences between “transnationalism” and “ internationalism ” (an item on the agenda of the workers' movement ) and “ supranationalism ” (a term under international law for certain supranational forms of association) must be carefully observed: “Internationalism” refers to action between states / state actors , “transnationalism “On the action of non-state actors.

Transnational Migration

The approach of transnational migration has been discussed in research since the 1990s. Before the treatment was given to the "simple" migrants who changed their place of residence permanently (e.g. European emigrants to the USA ), re-migrants who return to their "home country" after a longer stay (e.g. guest workers ) and diaspora migrants who are bound to a group / institution (e.g. religiously motivated, displacement) and often live in socially isolated form. Transmigrants are characterized by a regular change of residence between two administrative (mostly state) borders.
The concept breaks new ground insofar as, in addition to the pure push / pull factors and the historical-structural background, the migrants are perceived as actors whose decisions are embedded in plurilocal networks and seen as the result of (psychological and physical) costs. The best known and best researched example of transnational migration is the migration of millions of Mexicans between their homeland and the United States.

When analyzing migration as a transnational phenomenon, the focus is on transnational activities of migrants on a political, economic and socio-cultural level. Sociocultural transnational activities include, for example, visiting and maintaining contact with family and friends in the country of emigration or membership in social organizations in the country of emigration.

More detailed provisions

In sociological migration research , this is used to describe the phenomenon that labor migrants identify with several nations and trigger social interactions between them . In the customs it shows z. B. in the parades (processions) in New York , which are considered typical of the city and are attended as festivals by New Yorkers, but take place by immigrant minorities on national Irish, Italian or Chinese holidays.

Transnational social fields are plurilocal and diffuse social spaces, but with not temporary, but permanent social structures that are reflected in social networks . These make migrations more likely as they reduce the costs or risks for future immigrants. They channel information, provide social resources and can therefore be considered social capital .

The problem of the worldwide enforcement of civil rights has been declared by Thomas Faist to be the "transnational social question " of the present.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bernhard Zangl / Michael Zürn : Peace and War , Frankfurt am Main 2003, pp. 158–159, 88–90.
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Gabbert: Transnational Migration - Interpretative Approaches and the Example of Migration Movements between Mexico and the USA. In: Latin America Analyzes 11, 2005.
  3. ↑ See for example: Eveline Reisenauer: Transnational personal relationships in migration: Social closeness with physical distance , Springer VS, 2017, ISBN 978-3658-14490-6 , p. 55.
  4. ^ Thomas Faist: The Transnational Social Question. Social Rights and Citizenship in a Global Context , in: International Sociology , Jg. 24, H. 1, 2009, pp. 7-35.