Trigarium

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Trigarium generally referred to a training place for horses and chariot races in Roman antiquity . In particular, it was an ancient toponym for a place in Rome and there possibly the name of a temporarily used circus for chariot races, the ephemeral architecture of which was only made of wood for necessary grandstands, boundaries and structures for the start area and turning marks.

Lore

The oldest testimony to the word trigarium is a cippus from the time of Claudius found near the church of San Biagio della Pagnotta , which served to mark the banks of the Tiber and was part of a whole series of such stones, the a Trigario ad pontem Agrippae (“from the Trigarium to the Bridge of Agrippa ", which was near the Ponte Sisto ). Another inscribed testimony is a grave inscription that was placed on a Gaius Iulius Thallo and mentions his minting workshops on the other side of the Tiber and in the Trigarium. Finally, the Trigarium is also listed in the regional catalog of the 4th century as belonging to Regio IX Circus Flaminius . Zosimos calls the trigarium in his remarks on the origins of the ludi Tarentini , the archaic forerunners of the ludi Saeculares , written around 500 AD , to describe the venue called Tarentum in more detail.

For Pliny the word trigarium denotes a training ground for horses, the associated trainer is a trigarius . According to Pliny, Nero prepared himself in a special dietary way if he wanted to train in the Trigium. In the sense of Pliny, trigarium is translated by Philoxenus in the Corpus glossariorum Latinorum , a Latin-Greek dictionary. With this general meaning, the word spread throughout the rest of the Roman Empire , as an inscription for a charioteer from the North African Theveste shows, who died as a result of a fall and was buried in a trigarium.

interpretation

From the testimonies one would generally like to reconstruct the ancient name of a racetrack for chariot races in Rome and associate it with races of three- wheeled vehicles , so-called trigae , which, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were held in Rome in the most ancient times and even in the second half of his time of the 1st century BC Still took place. Accordingly, the trigarium is interpreted as a free route (circus temporalis) used only on certain occasions , on which the chariot races would have taken place for the ludi Saeculares . Filippo Coarelli would also like to associate the Equirria and the ritual festival of sacrifice for Mars , the equus October , with the Trigarium. Lawrence Richardson Jr., on the other hand, derives the name of the competition site from three different types of races that were held there.

Localization

Based on the cippus found near San Biagio della Pagnotta, Filippo Coarelli locates the trigarium at the western end of the Marsfeld along the Tiber . In contrast, Ferdinando Castagnoli assumed a location north of Piazza Navona when he knew the inscription . Lorenzo Quilici took the view that there would have been no space for such a, even temporary, facility in the corresponding area of ​​the Mars field, and rejected Coarelli's location. Robert EA Palmer also emphatically contradicts Coarelli and also refers to the regional catalog, which lists the Field of Mars and the Trigarium one after the other, but as separate locations. Palmer concludes with the remark that, contrary to the definition, no horse is known with certainty that has set a hoof on the Roman trigarium.

Nevertheless, there are also inscriptions in the corresponding area that clearly relate to chariot races: Victoria Venetianorum semper constet feliciter - “the blues should always win” - asks an altar inscription found there for one of the racing teams named after their colors . In addition, the stabula factionum , the stables for the racehorses, were housed there and Strabo describes the area as suitable for chariot races and other horsemanship activities because there are no natural obstacles. For other areas he does not mention any suitability in this regard in his description of the area.

literature

  • Filippo Coarelli : Trigarium. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae . Volume 1. 2nd edition. Quasar, Rome 1993, ISBN 88-7097-019-1 , p. 89 f.
  • John H. Humphrey : Roman Circuses. Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press, Berkeley 1986, ISBN 0-52004-921-7 , pp. 558-560.
  • Jerzy Kolendo : Trigarium, lieu d'entraînement des auriges et des chevaux à Rome et à Thevestes. In: Archeologia. Rocznik Instytutu archeologii i etnologii Polskiej akademii nauk , Volume 35, 1984, pp. 27-32.
  • Robert EA Palmer: Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome (= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 80). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1990, ISBN 0-871-69802-1 , pp. 28-33.
  • Guido Petruccioli: Trigarium. In: Elisha Ann Dumser (Ed.): Mapping Augustan Rome (= Journal of Roman Archeology . Supplement 50). Portsmouth 2002, ISBN 1-88782-950-4 , pp. 248 f.
  • Lawrence Richardson Jr .: Trigarium. In: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, ISBN 0-80184-300-6 , p. 401.

Web links

  • Guido Petruccioli: Trigarium at Digital Augustan Rome.

Remarks

  1. ↑ CIL 06, 31545 .
  2. ↑ CIL 06, 08461 .
  3. ↑ Descriptio XIIII regionum urbis Romae ; to the catalog of regions: Arvast Nordh: Libellus de Regionibus Urbis Romae. Gleerup, Lund 1949.
  4. ↑ Zosimos 2,2,2.
  5. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 3,202 .
  6. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.9 .
  7. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 28,238 .
  8. ↑ Philoxenus, Corpus glossariorum latinorum 2,201: trigarium, τόπος ὅπου ιπποι γυμνάζονται ( digitized version ).
  9. ↑ CIL 08, 16566 ; on the inscription: Jerzy Kolendo: L'iscrizione di un auriga a Theveste (ILAlg. I 3146). In: Attilio Mastino (ed.): L'Africa Romana. Volume 2. Gallizzi, Sassari 1985, pp. 195-200.
  10. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 7,73,2 .
  11. ^ Giovanni Battista Pighi: De Ludis saecularibus Populi Romani Quiritium. 2nd Edition. Schippers, Amsterdam 1965, pp. 118, 167; Filippo Coarelli: Il Campo Marzio occidentale. Storia e topografia. In: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité. Volume 89, 1977, p. 839.
  12. ↑ Filippo Coarelli: Trigarium . In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Quasar, Rome 1993, p. 89; so also John H. Humphrey: Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press, Berkeley 1986, pp. 558-560.
  13. ^ Lawrence Richardson Jr .: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, p. 401.
  14. ^ Filippo Coarelli: Il Campo Marzio occidentale. Storia e topografia. In: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité. Volume 89, 1977, pp. 839-842. 845.
  15. ^ Ferdinando Castagnoli: Il Campo Marzio nell antichità. In: Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. VIII 1,4, 1948, p. 136. 140-148.
  16. ^ Lorenzo Quilici: Il Campo Marzio occidentale. In: Città e architettura nella Roma imperiale (= Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. Supplementum 10). Odense University Press, Odense 1983, p. 75.
  17. ^ Robert EA Palmer: Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome (= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 80). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1990, pp. 29-31
  18. ^ Robert EA Palmer: Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome (= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 80). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1990, pp. 31-33
  19. ^ Robert EA Palmer: Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome (= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 80). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1990, p. 33
  20. ↑ CIL 06, 10044 .
  21. ^ Lawrence Richardson Jr .: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, p. 366 sv Stabula Factionum; Filippo Coarelli: Stabula IIII Factionum. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Quasar, Rome 1993, p. 339 f.
  22. ↑ Strabon 5,3,8 .
  23. ^ John H. Humphrey: Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press, Berkeley 1986, p. 558.