Tuchovishta
| Tuhovishta (Туховища) | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
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| State : |
 Bulgaria
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| Oblast : | Blagoevgrad | ||||
| Residents : | 818 | ||||
| Area : | 17.151 km² | ||||
| Population density | 47.7 inhabitants / km² | ||||
| Coordinates : | 41 ° 30 ' N , 24 ° 3' E | ||||
| Height : | 900 m | ||||
| Postal code : | 2939 | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+359) 07548 | ||||
| License plate : | E. | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Wentzislaw Schischmanow | ||||
| Website : | tuhovishta.hit.bg | ||||
Tuchowishta ( Bulgarian Туховища ) (in Bulgaria mostly written Tuhovishta, variants: Tuvistaa or Duhovishta) is a village in southwestern Bulgaria, part of the municipality of Satovcha , Blagoevgrad Oblast .
geography
Tuchovishta is located 100 km as the crow flies southeast of the regional capital Blagoevgrad in the southwestern Rhodope Mountains and is part of the historical Chech landscape (Bulgarian чеч ). Tuchovisha is located 20 km south of Satovcha. The Bulgarian-Greek border is 2 km to the east and 3 km to the south.
The place is at an altitude between 836 and 999 meters, the area of the village covers 17 km². The village borders to the east, where the Greek border is closest, to the territory of the depopulated villages of Boren and Manastir, to the west to the area of the villages of Slaschten and Walkosel, to the south to the area of the villages of Godeschewo and to the north to the village of Schischewo .
climate
The climate is temperate continental (subtropical) with a special influence on the high mountains (due to the mountain ridges Tschukate and Dikilitash). The average annual temperature is 10 ° C, in winter temperature inversions can form. The average temperature in January is between 0 ° C and 7 ° C, depending on the altitude. The summer is warm and sunny. The average annual maximum temperature in the valley of the Mesta River is 32–36 ° C, but in the middle of the part 23–32 ° C. Autumn-winter and spring-summer rainfall dominates. The seasons are different - the summer - heat, and in winter - moderately cold.
relief
Since Tuchovishta is located in the Dikilitasschen hills, the relief is predominantly mountainous and hilly, the passes in the high parts in hilly or mountainous hilly and in places is very robust. In a geographical way the land is featured primarily from stones, granite, rhyolite and sandstone. Dominate brown forest and sandy-loamy soils. Overall the relief is very diverse. The village is at the crossroads between several small hills. Above Tuchovishta are two of the highest mountains in the region - Chukata in the northeast at an altitude of 1010 m and the highest peak in the Dikilitash region, at an altitude of 1100 m. Dikilitash is located between Tuchovishta and Valkosel . In late autumn and late spring, when above the village and the surrounding fall frost, precipitation over Dikilitash are snow.
Flora and fauna
The forests are rich in coniferous and deciduous species, including pine, spruce, beech, fir, oak, birch, willow and others, as well as animal species are hare, wolf, fox, marten, deer, wild boar and many others. In summer you can find snakes, vipers, lizards, salamanders and many others.
The hydrographic network includes the Mesta , Dospat and many smaller rivers and springs. There are many micro-dams for irrigation.
history
Research in the necropolis , discovered by chance in 1975 during agricultural work, in the Ogradeto area near the village of Tuchovishta, not far from the left bank of the Mesta River, in the immediate vicinity of the Bulgarian-Greek border, gives Bulgarian science a new dimension Information about the population from the Rhodope-Pirin Mountains, about their lifestyle and customs, about their spiritual culture during the first Bulgarian state.
The 146 graves found in the necropolis are rectangular or trapezoidal pits that narrow at the feet of the dead. According to ancient pagan tradition, they are built from vertically arranged stone slabs and covered with slab-like stones from above. Even after the conversion to Christianity, this tradition was preserved and spread mainly in the Rhodope-Pirin Mountains and the Black Sea region.
Elements of Slavic and proto-Bulgarian funeral rites can be seen in the funeral rite. Traces of burned corpses from the time of the Slavic-pagan burial rites were discovered as a result of the fire lit in the individual graves. In a large part of the researched graves some deviations from the canon of the Christian religion officially converted in the 9th century have been found, mainly in relation to the position of the hands. In contrast to the Christian funeral rites, in which the hands are always crossed on the chest or stomach, the position of the hands in some graves of the necropolis is very different: the one hand that is placed on the stomach, on the chest or in the Elbow is bent at an acute angle, points to the mouth or shoulder of the deceased, while the other is on the body or, according to traditional pagan custom, both hands are on the body of the deceased.
In the necropolis one notices the peculiarities of the funeral rite, which are characteristic of the pagan burials of the proto-Bulgarians from the north-eastern part of Bulgaria. Sacrificial vessels with food were placed next to the dead, the limbs were amputated after death (mutilatio) or the corpse was partially or completely destroyed. The deceased had been tied by the feet and stones had been placed on the heart of the dead and on some parts of the body so that the dead could not become a vampire.
In the mouth or in one of the two hands of a few different people, coins, the so-called "Charonow obol", were placed so that the deceased would pay the wages for the boat that goes to the hereafter.
This ancient tradition obviously comes from the south. It had long been preserved among the Bulgarian population who inhabited the slopes of the western Rhodope Mountains.
A relatively large number of sacrificial vessels have been found in the necropolis. One notices the great variety of forms, technical skill and decoration, where the traditions of Slavic pottery prevail. The clay pots found in the necropolis are usually small or medium in size, with no handles. They belong to the Slavic type pots with wavy, horizontal, parallel, incised lines. These lines are also typical of all early Bulgarian medieval objects found on the territory of Bulgaria. On the bottom of some pots there are relief marks, on the bottom of others there are circular depressions that were created during the shaping, as the axis of the potter's wheel was above the circle.
Among the ceramics there are pots with hybrid shapes. They evidently emerged as a result of the contact between the Byzantine culture and the culture of the Slavic settlers. After the western part of the Rhodope Mountains was incorporated into the Bulgarian state at the beginning of the 9th century, the proto-Bulgarians from the north-eastern part of the country also contributed to the emergence of hybrid forms in ceramics.
The jewelry from the necropolis, with their stylistic peculiarities and processes, are characteristic mainly of the early Bulgarian necropolis in southern Bulgaria. On the whole, they have a Slavic character, especially the different types of earrings. On some pieces of jewelry, however, one notices elements of proto-Bulgarian origin, e.g. B. the star-shaped hangings of the moon-shaped earrings. With the spiral rings and the metallic bracelets with open ends that end on snake heads or stylized seahorse heads, one recognizes local, artisanal, long-standing tradition. Some pieces of jewelry from the 11th century were influenced by Byzantine jewelry technology. In relation to their artistic value and their diversity, one can justifiably claim that there was a very developed jewelery school with local workshops. It was probably created in the 10th - 11th centuries in the western Rhodope Mountains as a result of the strong influence of Byzantine jewelry.
The ethnic characteristics of the burial grounds, the burial rite and the grave goods contain elements of the lifestyle and customs of the three nationalities, namely the Slavs, the Proto-Bulgarians and the local population, who made up the Bulgarian nationality and the old Bulgarian culture at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century had formed. The research of the burial facilities, the funeral rite and the grave goods determine the Bulgarian ethnicity of the deceased in the necropolis. The coin collection from the necropolis is to be researched within a chronologically larger 10-11th century.
According to anthropological research, among the dead there are more northern types of races characteristic of the Slavs. Less is the number of glacial Mediterranean and dinaric Mediterranean forms that are typical of the local Thracian population. There are still Europid breed types with mongoloid admixture, which characterize the Proto-Bulgarians of Isperic. This anthropological research gives new information about the history of the area. In addition to the Slavs, who had Slavized the local Thracians, the Proto-Bulgarians also belong to the ethnogenesis of the population from the village of Tuchovishta.
The ethnic characteristics of the burial grounds, the funeral rites, the grave goods and the anthropological research show that, in addition to the compact Slavic masses and the local Thracian population, ethnic proto-Bulgarian groups were also involved in the consolidation of the Bulgarian nationality and the old Bulgarian way of life and early customs in south-west Bulgaria Middle Ages had participated.
The archaeological and anthropological research and the research of the historical sources from the 7th to 10th centuries concerning southwestern Bulgaria report that this area was inhabited by Turkic groups for a long time. They could have something in common with the proto-Bulgarians of Kuber, who settled in Macedonia - Keramisko pole - area between Bitolja and Saloniki in 670. According to the chronicle of Emperor Konstantin Bagrjanorodni, part of the proto-Bulgarians, on the orders of Justinian the 2nd, had "the mountains of Strimön and beyond the gorges" at the end of the 7th century. H. the area between the Struma and Mesta rivers, not far from today's village of Tuchovishta.
The geographical proximity between the village of Tuchovishta and the areas inhabited by Kuber's proto-Bulgarians enabled contact and mutual penetration between the population from the south-western Rhodope Mountains and the proto-Bulgarian ethnic groups from the White Sea area and the mountain areas between the Struma and Mesta rivers. This contact between the two nationalities and obviously the influence of the Isperic proto-Bulgarians from the northeastern part of the country determine the presence of proto-Bulgarian elements in the funeral rite and anthropological types of proto-Bulgarian origin in the necropolis.
In Ottoman documents, the village is called "Thuishta".
