Tulimuld

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Tulimuld (Eng. "Fire Earth") was an Estonian literary and cultural magazine that appeared from 1950 to 1993.

background

After the Sovietization of Estonia in 1940 and the occupation of the country after the Second World War , around 70,000 Estonians fled to the West in 1944, among them about a third of the famous writers. Since, under the conditions of Stalinism in Estonia, literature also suffered from strong censorship pressure, part of literary life shifted to the exile community in Sweden , Canada , the United States and Australia . This remained an important aspect of Estonian literature for the entire second half of the 20th century.

Frequency of publication and number of copies

The “engine” of literary exile can be described as the writer Bernard Kangro , who launched the new magazine in 1950 and self-published it in Lund . He was the editor-in-chief responsible for the entire publication period.

The circulation of the first number was initially 4,500 copies, but soon fell and in the end still amounted to 900 copies. In the first year of publication 1950, 3 issues were published, from 1951 to 1958 there were six issues per year, after which Tulimuld was published as a quarterly magazine . In this way, there are a total of 191 issues with 11,592 pages. The magazine was discontinued in 1993 after Estonia regained its independence and the political need for an exile magazine no longer existed.

meaning

The magazine was the most consistent and regular of all Estonian exile magazines and the central and most important organ of the exile community. Tulimuld brought primary literature, literary and historical essays, general cultural-historical contributions and literary criticism. Apart from Kangro, all well-known representatives of Estonian literature and literary studies took part in the magazine; the authors of Tulimuld included Artur Adson , Ivar Grünthal , Ivar Ivask , Arvo Mägi , Karl Ristikivi and many others.

It was not until 1957 that Tulimuld faced competition by founding the magazine Mana . Compared to the latter, Tulimuld was more conservative and traditional.

Trivia

The years 1988 and 1989 both erroneously have the year number 39 (XXXIX), and this error has not been corrected until the end, so that one digit must be added each time. The last year (1993) is the 44th, but has number 43 (XLIII). In addition, in the transition from 1992 to 1993, the pagination was accidentally continued, so that issue 1/1993 begins with p. 201 (instead of p. 1), which has been corrected in issue 2/1993. This issue begins with p. 49 (and not with 249, after issue 1/1993 goes to p. 248).

Web links

literature

  • Oskar Kruus : Bernard Kangro. Elukäik yes looming. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 2003. 150 pp.
  • Tulimuld. Koondsisukord 1950-1991. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu 1993. 181 pp.

Single receipts

  1. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt : History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, pp. 544-545.
  2. ↑ Eesti kirjandus paguluses. XX sajandil. Toimetanud Piret Kruuspere. Tallinn: Eesti TA Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus 2008.
  3. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt: History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, p. 44.
  4. ^ Oskar Kruus: Bernard Kangro. Elukäik yes looming. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 2003, p. 56.
  5. ↑ Eesti Entsüklopeedia 12. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus 2003, p. 609.
  6. ↑ Eesti kirjandus paguluses. XX sajandil. Toimetanud Piret Kruuspere. Tallinn: Eesti TA Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus 2008, p. 691.
  7. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt: History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, p. 41; also: Eesti kirjandus paguluses. XX sajandil. Toimetanud Piret Kruuspere. Tallinn: Eesti TA Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus 2008, p. 691.