Udel (tax)

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Udelbuch Bern 1466, beginning on p. 3: figurative initial “I”, hide and seek game of a young couple, to the text “In Peters Brügglers des Venners Vierteil an der Meritgassen shadow half” (In Peter Brügglers, des Venners Viertel on Marktgasse shadow half); Illumination of the master Johannes

In medieval cities, Udel was a tax for Ausburger (city citizens who did not reside in the city). Originally the German term Udel ( Old High German uodal ) referred to house ownership as a condition for urban citizenship (castle right). The term was only preserved in the legal language of German-speaking Switzerland. A directory, the so-called Udelbuch , was used to clarify citizenship and tax liability.

The Ausburger had to "take Udel" at a house in the city. H. transfer their citizenship to a house (or part of it) as a pledge and pay the Udelzins annually from it. As a result, people living out of town and their families also enjoyed the rights of city citizens, and Ausburger were important for the city in the event of a defense, as was the case in Bern .

Free d. H. Independent cities like the imperial city of Bern could levy taxes from their citizens. The mayor and the council had to clarify who had citizenship and who could be taxed by the city. The number of naturalizations of Ausburgs, which has been growing since the middle of the 14th century, made it necessary to check the names and domiciles of taxpayers. This happened in the city chancellery, where tell books (tax books) and Udel books for the Ausburger were created. These had to be updated periodically. "Above all, the photos of expatriates recorded in the Udel books document the development of urban rule in the countryside in a way that no other late medieval town north of the Alps has come down to".

historical development

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the emerging cities developed a strong social dynamic due to the increase in population, especially due to the immigration of unfree service people from the countryside ( city ​​air makes you free ). By buying territories and sovereign rights, the cities got into debt and had to reorganize their finances. From 1384 onwards, Bern raised extraordinary taxes. They each amounted to the 40th part (25 ‰) of the property and were collected from the townspeople, the Ausburgers and the free residents in the Bernese bailiffs. In the late Middle Ages, around two thirds of the citizens of Bern did not live in the city, but lived as Ausburger. They had full citizenship, access to council and offices, were required to serve and assisted and enjoyed the protection of the city, but were required to do so.

Udelbuch

Udelbuch Bern 1389 p. 17; Red title: "An der Kilchgassen sunnenhalb vff" (An der Kirchgasse, today Junkerngasse, sonnenhalb upwards): List of houses and the Udel shares, with additions and changes until the middle of the 15th century; Crossed out several times as a sign of the copy in the new Udel book.

Bern

A first Udelbuch was in the Bernese 1,389 firm created. It is structured according to the topography of the medieval city: according to the four city quarters, which are each headed by a Venner ( banner owner ) of the craft guilds of tanners , butchers , Pfister (bakers) and blacksmiths . From street to street, the property owned by foreign citizens, the so-called Udel, is listed house by house, including gardens and barns. As a result, in addition to the Tellbuch (tax book for residents), the Udel books become an important source for research into the social history of expatriates. In accordance with the changes in ownership over time, the Udelbuch was corrected again and again, so that in the 15th century it was confusing and a new edition was decided.

The Udelbuch from 1466 (State Archives of the Canton of Bern, B XIII 29) is structured in the same way. A council decision to create a new Udel book was perhaps made when Niklaus von Diesbach (1430–1475) took office as mayor in 1465. The new creation required considerable resources, first the organization of data recording in all houses in the city, then the provision of parchment of over 60 Calves, the labor costs for the scribe and illuminator during drafting to completion; this is dated November 30, 1466.

The production can be traced on the basis of the work carried out on the still loose locations by district. Scribes, calligraphers and illuminators could do their work side by side and one after the other. A lot of space has been left for additions. The main clerk is one of the firm's tax clerks, perhaps the Böspfennig clerk Anthoni Markhuser, recorded in Bern from 1459 to at least 1466.

Udelbuch Bern 1466, p. 197. Figure initial “A”: a naked couple with pecking birds, dragon and fly; to the text: "On the Ringmur by dem rotten hus harfür" (on the ring wall by the red house); Illumination by the master Estermann.
Udelbuch Bern 1466, p. 155. Figure initial “A”: a dragon and a naked boy form the first letter of the text “At the herren gassen from Egerden Sunnenthalb down” (At the Herren Gasse, where the von Aegerten family lives, sun half towards from); Illumination of an unknown person.

What is striking about the Udelbuch from 1466 is the rich illumination: at the beginning of each street, a large initial introduces the red calligraphic title line. Each of these 49 initial letters, body color initials, is of the highest quality and has been decorated with tendrils, animal and human figures, funny and often strikingly funny. There are three calligraphers (designated as A, B and C), whereby Calligrapher A could be the illuminator who calls himself "Johannes", Calligrapher B the illuminator who calls himself "Estermann"; The place of origin of these otherwise unknown book and Helgen painters could be Basel.

In terms of content, it is noticeable that Udel is usually entered on entire houses in the topographical part. At the end of the volume an alphabetical part was added, which lists partial ownership of houses by expatriates by first name (baptismal name). This division according to social status shows that the class capable of governing is increasingly closing itself off: as early as 1461 it had been determined that only those who had been resident for at least 5 years and owned a whole house in the city could be elected to the council of 200; Before that, a share of the house and a year in the city were enough. In the main part as a showpiece hardly any addenda were incorporated. On the other hand, changes and additions were continuously entered in the register of Udel shares up to the 16th century, so that of the total of 2370 named people, 85 percent are in the alphabetical lists in the appendix.

Tuna

Two Udel books have come down to us from the city of Thun , at the entrance to the Bernese Oberland, the first beginning in 1358, the second beginning in 1489. They are kept in the Thun Burger Archives (Rathausplatz 4, CH-3600 Thun).

Other

In other cities, Udel directories were created in the office's citizen registers, for example in Freiburg i. Üe. in the Bürgerbuch 1 (years 1341–1416) and in the large Bürgerbuch (years 1416–1769), which are kept in the State Archives of the Canton of Friborg.

literature

  • Annemarie Dubler: Udel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  • Beat Frey: Ausburger and Udel, especially in the area of ​​old Bern ; Diss. Jur. Univ. Bern 1950, 157 pp., Esp. Pp. 48–50.
  • Roland Gerber: Gott ist Burger zu Bern, a late medieval urban society between rule building and social equilibrium ; Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 2001 (research on medieval history; 39); ISBN 3-7400-1163-7 .
  • Roland Gerber: Expatriates and Udel ; in: Bern's courageous time, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered , ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges, Bern 2003, pp. 509-519 ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  • Roland Gerber: rich and poor ; in: Bern's courageous time, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered , ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges, Bern 2003, pp. 274–281 ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  • Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466 , with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018; ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Schweizerisches Idiotikon , Vol. 1, p. 98: https://digital.idiotikon.ch/idtkn/id1.htm#!page/10097/mode/1up
  2. ^ Roland Gerber: Expatriates and Udel ; in: Bern's courageous time, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered , ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges; Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2003; 596 p., Ill. ( Berner Zeiten ), pp. 509-519, especially p. 510; ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  3. ^ Roland Gerber: Poor and Rich ; in: Bern's courageous time, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered , ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges; Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2003; 596 p., Ill. ( Berner Zeiten ), pp. 274-281, especially p. 275; ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  4. ^ Roland Gerber: Expatriates and Udel ; in: Bern's courageous time, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered , ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges; Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2003; 596 p., Ill. ( Berner Zeiten ), pp. 509-519, especially pp. 509-510; ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  5. ^ State Archives of the Canton of Bern , B XIII 28
  6. ↑ Roland Gerber: Gott ist Burger zu Bern, a late medieval urban society between rule building and social equilibrium ; Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 2001 (research on medieval history; 39); ISBN 3-7400-1163-7 .
  7. ↑ The following according to Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466 , with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018; ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0 .
  8. ↑ Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466 , with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018, esp. P. 45; ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0
  9. ↑ See also the following: Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466 , with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018, pp. 48 and 102; ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0 .
  10. ↑ Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466 , with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018S, pp. 35–39, 44; ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0
  11. ↑ Jon Keller: The Thuner Udelbuch from 1489 and the computer ; in: Annual report of the Thun Castle Museum , 1978, pp. 4–9; http://biblio.unibe.ch/digibern/jahrbuch_schloss_thun/jahrbuch_schloss_thun_1978.pdf
  12. ↑ Digitally facsimile: http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/list/one/aef/LB1
  13. ↑ Digitally facsimile: http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/list/one/aef/LB2
  14. ↑ Urs Portmann: Citizenship in medieval Freiburg, social topographical analysis of the first citizen book 1341-1416 ; University of Freiburg, Freiburg 1986, 206 pp., Ill. ( Historical writings of the University of Freiburg , 11), Diss. Phil. Friborg (Switzerland).