Urban production

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Urban production , also known as “urban manufacturing”, describes the production and processing of material goods as well as product-related services in spaces with a functional density and a mixture of different uses in a city. A distinction can be made between classic and modern urban production as well as urban industry, urban manufacturing and urban agriculture . Urban production takes place u. a. in the context of sustainable urban development, local value chains, solidarity economy and the circular economy .

Forms of urban production

“Classic urban production includes existing companies that are historically located in urban areas. This production can include larger batch sizes as well as less individualized products. Here modern technologies can create new possibilities for a compatibility of production with other functions of urban space (e.g. living). Modern urban production, on the other hand, includes the integration of companies (new settlements) in densely populated areas, which manufacture individual (batch size 1), local products, often with a high level of knowledge. The use of innovative technologies and materials plays an essential role here for highly efficient, emission-free, residential-friendly production. "

Production as the basis for services in a city or region

Urban production often uses local resources and locally embedded value chains. The figure shows production as the basis for the economic development of a quarter, district or region. If this basis is available and stable, other companies in production-related industries will settle around the companies, e.g. B. repair shops, tailoring shops, etc. Often other service companies emerge from this that are required in the immediate vicinity of the production companies or that sell the goods produced. Dieter Läpple speaks of so-called "service manufacturing links" - "a critical industrial base that [...] is integrated into an interwoven and effective structure between knowledge-intensive industrial and service functions." Advancing technical innovations contribute to the fact that a compatible integration of industry into the city is better than ever possible.

Urban production is also an umbrella term for urban industry, urban agriculture and urban manufactories (small urban manufacturers). Of course, films, books, software, music or other digital productions can also be produced in the city. Due to digitization, some products are being dematerialized. B. Books are often no longer available in physical, printed, but in digital form. Since these digital products are already being examined in concepts of the creative industries and are also not of a material nature, they should not explicitly fall under the term urban production.

development

Middle Ages in Europe

Already in the Middle Ages the estate economy was located within the city walls, as can still be read today from street names such as “Gerbergasse” or “Schmiedsgasse”. Due to building regulations in the 18th and 19th centuries, the manufacturing craft was displaced from the inner-city centers.

Industrialization in Europe

This first " suburbanization swelle the economy" by industrialization (4-step process of industrialization: was Industry 4.0 provides opportunities for urban production) strengthened, while still close to town, but did not take place more within the walls of city hygiene reasons. Technical achievements in the course of the first industrial revolution such as For example, the steam engine, which made hydropower and thus the connection to rivers, obsolete, but also the high demand for labor, ensured that the factories were nevertheless built close to the city.

In the middle of the 19th century, the population in Europe grew considerably. Many people were drawn to the cities. In order to meet the housing needs of the explosively growing urban population, urban expansions emerged from the 1860s onwards - initially in a relaxed construction, later by v. a. in closed perimeter block development. Three to six-story inner-city apartment buildings with one or more inner courtyards for workers and employees were built by private terrestrial companies . In the immediate vicinity - mostly in the basement , in the inner courtyards, in side buildings or in transverse buildings - small industrial and craft businesses emerged.

The close proximity of living and working was necessary because there was hardly any local public transport. In densely built-up areas, people lived in simple, low-light rental apartments in the vicinity of often unhygienic and noisy businesses. With the development of new drive technologies powered by electricity and gas, the second industrial revolution began at the end of the 19th century. In the course of this, significant progress was made in terms of process automation, e.g. through the introduction of assembly line work. The consequence was an increase in the importance of large-scale industrial mass production based on the division of labor. The garden city movement emerged from the criticism of the living and working conditions in these so-called urban expansion areas at the beginning of the 20th century . With increasing motorization, the functional separation of living, working and recreation became v. a. further propagated by the Charter of Athens , which is still noticeable in the cities today and after which many American cities were built.

Offshoring and outsourcing in the US and Europe

see offshoring and outsourcing

The use of electronics and IT resulted in a further automation of production in the 1970s (third industrial revolution). This set rationalization processes in motion while at the same time mass production was made possible. A worldwide division of labor as well as a spatial distribution of production went hand in hand with advancing globalization. Production was increasingly outsourced to low-wage countries in order to save potential. In the course of this de-industrialization, Germany lost a considerable proportion of low-tech jobs to the emerging countries of Southeast Asia. In contrast, the service sector experienced a significant upswing at this time.

discourse

In the USA, there has been a trend towards re-industrialization or re-shoring for a number of years . After a long phase of tertiaryisation and the relocation of industrial production to emerging countries, the relevance of the manufacturing sector - albeit to a lesser extent - is being recognized again and is strongly positioned in the urban context. Saskia Sassen is one of the first authors to draw attention to the potential of urban production in 2006. She criticizes the concentration of local economic policy on large companies in the most progressive sectors from the cultural and service sectors and the neglect of the manufacturing industry in the city. The specific type of manufacturing industry, the “small, networked urban manufacturing firms” is an important part of the entire urban economy. In 2011, the Urban Manufacturing Alliance was formed in the USA to promote and maintain local manufacturers in US cities.

The discourse in German-speaking countries is even more recent and there is still no unified research understanding of the term urban production. For the first time, Dieter Läpple sees potential in a return of production to the city. His aim is to put the strategic focus on opening up spatial, social and economic structures in disadvantaged city districts and residential areas and striving to integrate companies and employees of the local economy into supra-local cycles and development contexts.

"[The new urban economy] should stabilize the social structure of cities and make urban economies more robust against the turbulence of the world market by strengthening local cycles."

- Dieter Läpple

In his perception, urban production is a mix of small and medium-sized companies with customer-specific production that is geared to local demand. Läpple also mentions that these are generally fair and environmentally friendly production methods that produce products of high quality and aesthetics. They are products that can be touched instead of being a digital app.

In the meantime Läpple goes one step further and makes a plea for the abolition of the separation of functions, a greater mix of the quarters and thus a "new, city-compatible network economy." The fact that - in contrast to some cities in the USA - many German cities have one have never lost a critical amount of industry, favors a “reintegration of production functions” and contributes to the strengthening of locally embedded economies.

Wilhelm Bauer and Joachim Lentes and Dieter Spath see urban production as a solution to counteracting decreasing batch sizes, a shortage of skilled workers, flexibility, further globalization and promoting sustainable economic activity and developed a new, environmentally friendly, low-emission factory in Stuttgart Fellbach as part of a research project with WITTENSTEIN bastian GmbH.

Sebastian Stiehm sees innovative technologies in the context of Industry 4.0 as enablers for (re) integration of production in urban space. Thanks to low-emission manufacturing processes, production will not only be compatible with living conditions; in the future, new technologies will require significantly less space to manufacture individual products close to the customer.

Potential

Urban production offers the opportunity to structure production and sales in a regionally embedded and flexible manner and thus strengthens local economies. In addition to positive influences on processes in society as a whole, this form of production also offers direct advantages for the companies and cities involved.

For companies

  • The urban quality of life increases the demand for attractive jobs close to home. Companies can secure location advantages in the fight for highly qualified talent.
  • Use of existing urban infrastructure.
  • Cluster effects such as cooperation advantages and knowledge spill-over.
  • Proximity to potential customers, opportunities to participate, feedback, short delivery times.
  • Short distances between home and workplace.
  • Energy cooperations e.g. B. Use of waste heat from production processes as a by-product for heating surrounding buildings.

For municipalities

From a municipal point of view, the promotion of urban production results in the following advantages:

  • Underused areas are valued and functionally mixed, e.g. B. empty shops. This creates attractive neighborhoods.
  • Implementation of the concept of the city of short distances.
  • Urban production promotes new mobility concepts. If implemented well, there is a reduction in the number of commuters, companies require fewer parking spaces for private cars, which means that areas such as B. underground garages in the city for other uses.
  • Harmonization of work, residence, life, health and leisure.
  • Creation of jobs in the city, thereby increasing purchasing power and possible business tax income.
  • Strengthening the industrial backbone and thus creating a robust economy and resilience .

For employees

  • Short distances to work.
  • Attractive offer in the area during the lunch break.

Obstacles

  • Economic allocation problem: return on residential use is currently higher.
  • Legal requirements
  • Financial hurdles for small businesses e.g. B. with costs for building application.
  • No rental protection for business.

Influence on urban planning

Urban production influences urban planning, development, policy and also economic development with regard to:

Examples of implementation

  • Nordstadt, Wuppertal
  • Vienna: STEP 2025, vertical production plant: Manner
  • WITTENSTEIN bastian GmbH, Fellbach

literature

  • Wilhelm Bauer, Joachim Lentes: Competitive manufacturing through urban production. In: Industry Management . tape 30 , 2014, p. 7-10 .
  • Martina Brandt, Anna Butzin, Gerd Hennings, Stefan Gärtner, Kerstin Meyer, Christiane Ziegler-Hennings: New places of work in the mixed city. Production back to the quarter? 2017 ( [1] [PDF; accessed December 19, 2017]).
  • Martina Brandt, Stefan Gärtner, Kerstin Meyer: Urban production - an attempt to define terms. In: Research News . No. 08 , 2017 ( [2] [PDF; accessed December 19, 2017]).
  • Kaye Geipel: City = Housing and Commerce. Is the formula correct? In: Bauwelt . tape 35 , 2016, p. 16–21 ( [3] [accessed January 2, 2018]).
  • H. Kagermann, W. Wahlster, J. Helbig: Secure Germany's future as a production location. Implementation recommendations for the future project Industry 4.0. 2013 ( [4] [PDF; accessed on January 11, 2018]).
  • (2013): Final report of the Industry 4.0 working group.
  • Dieter Läpple : Economic Perspectives of Cities. In: The old city . tape 2 , 1996, p. 128-140 .
  • Dieter Läpple : City = production back in the city. A plea. In: Bauwelt . tape 35 , 2016, p. 22–29 ( [5] [accessed January 2, 2018]).
  • Sebastian David Stiehm: City = design parameters for the (re) integration of production in urban space in the context of Industry 4.0. 2017, ISBN 978-3-86359-551-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Martina Brandt, Stefan Gärtner, Kerstin Meyer: Urban production - an attempt at a definition of terms. In: Research News , No. 8, 2017.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Sebastian Stiehm: Design parameters for the (re) integration of production in urban space in the context of Industry 4.0. , 2017, p. 99.
  3. ↑ MIA project. Archived copy ( memento of the original dated August 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / projekt-mia.de
  4. ^ Dieter Läpple: Production back in the city. A plea. In: Bauwelt No. 35, 2016, p. 26.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Martina Brandt, Anna Butzin, Gerd Hennings, Stefan Gärtner, Kerstin Meyer, Christiane Ziegler-Hennings: "New places of work in the mixed city. Production back to the quarter?" 2017, http://www.iat.eu/aktuell/veroeff/2017/Produktion-zurueck-ins-Quartier.pdf
  6. ↑ a b c Dieter Läpple: Production back to the city. A plea. In: Bauwelt No. 35, 2016, p. 26.
  7. ^ Saskia Sassen: "Urban Manufacturing: Economy, Space and Politics in Today's Cities." In: "Successful inner cities. Action - Coordinate - Integrate.", DSSW lecture, 2006
  8. ↑ a b Dieter Läpple: Production back to the city? In: Polarized Cities , 2013, pp. 129–149.
  9. ↑ Dieter Läpple: Production back to the city? In: Polarized Cities , 2013, p. 140.
  10. ^ Wilhelm Bauer, Joachim Lentes: Competitive production through urban production. In: Industry Management. , No. 30, 2014, pp. 7-10.
  11. ↑ a b Dieter Spath: "Urban Production." In: "Klaus Weinert, Klaus J. Beckmann, José Luis Encarnação, Otthein Herzog, Hartwig Höcker, Axel Kuhn et al. (Eds.): City of the future - strategic elements of sustainable urban development." Munich, 2014, Komplan Biechteler GmbH & Co. KG, pp. 61–71.
  12. ↑ Sebastian Stiehm: Design parameters for the (re) integration of production in urban space in the context of Industry 4.0. , 2017, p. 123.
  13. ↑ Sebastian Stiehm: Design parameters for the (re) integration of production in urban space in the context of Industry 4.0. , 2017, p. 135.