Vadimonium

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The vadimonium is a pledge of presentation under Roman law that is used in various phases of civil proceedings. A party promises in stipulation form that it or a third party will be present at a certain place on a certain day at a certain time (Latin: sisti - "to stand up"). A contractual penalty ( poena / summa vadimonii ), which depends on the amount in dispute of the process sought , is regularly agreed in the event of a non-appearance .

Depending on the purpose and stage of the procedure, one differentiates

  • So-called summons vadimonium.
    Roman procedural law did not recognize any officially served summons in court. Rather, it was up to the prospective plaintiff to bring the defendant to court , if necessary by force. To do this, he had to explain the summons to him privately ( in ius vocatio ), which the defendant then had to obey. The realization of this consequence presupposes that the parties meet. A vadimonium of the prospective defendant enables the plaintiff to get hold of the other side in order to take her to the court magistrate (in Rome before the praetor ) and to initiate a lawsuit there.
  • so-called adjournment vadimonium
    If the plaintiff had brought the opponent before the magistrate, the appointment of a judge was negotiated there, with the formulation of a certain process program (procedural stage in iure ). If this hearing could not be brought to an end due to lack of time, the renewed appearance of the defendant had to be ensured by     vadimonium (see Gaius , Inst. 4, 186).
  • so-called Verweisungsvadimonium
    A corresponding need arises when the in ius vocatio has brought the parties before a magistrate who is not responsible for their legal dispute, and the process therefore has to be brought before another official at another location.

supporting documents

There are numerous references to the Vadimonium in non-legal Latin literature, for example in Plautus , Cicero and Horace . In the writings of the Roman jurists , the vadimonium has been hidden behind the designation cautio in iudicio sisti - security for appearing in court , since it passed the filter of the Justinian revision (see Digest : Interpolations) . In the Institutiones manuscript of Verona , which offers an unadulterated text in this regard, there are explanations on the scope and special requirements of the vadimonium , as well as on the level of the poena vadimonii . Regulations on the reference vadimonium can be found in the Lex Irnitana .

Furthermore, during excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum since the end of the 19th century, vadimonium documents on wax tablets came to light:

  • CIL IV 3340, tab. 33 (Pompeii: Archives of L. Caecilius Iucundus)
  • T (abulae) H (erculanenses) 6; 13; 14; 15 ed. G. PUGLIESE CARRATELLI, P (arola del) P (assato) 1 (1946) 383; PP 3 (1948) 168-171 (Herculaneum: Trial of the girl Petronia Iusta)
  • T (abulae) P (ompeianae) Sulp (iciorum) 1-15 ed.G. CAMODECA, Tabulae Pompeianae Sulpiciorum I , Roma 1999 (Puteoli / Pompeji: Archiv der Sulpicier)

Witness certificates were also found that the debtor had complied with the vadimonium (so-called testationes sistendi ; TPSulp 16-21).

See also

literature

  • Max Kaser / Karl Hackl : The Roman Civil Procedure Law , 2nd edition, Munich 1996, 226-231.
  • JG Wolf: The so-called Ladungsvadimonium, in: JA Ankum, JE Spruit, FBJ Wubbe (eds.), Satura Roberto Feenstra oblata, Freiburg (Switzerland) 1985, 59-69.
  • GP Burton: The lex Irnitana, CH. 84, the promise of vadimonium and the jurisdiction of proconsuls , The Classical Quarterly 46 (1996) 217-221.
  • A. Rodger: Postponed Business at Irni , Journal of Roman Studies 86 (1996) 61-73.
  • ders., Vadimonium to Rome (and Elsewhere) , journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History . Romance Studies Department (= ZRG Rom.) 114 (1997) 160-196.
  • E. Metzger: Interrupting Proceedings in iure: uadimonium and intertium , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (= ZPE) 120 (1998), 215-225. [1]
  • D. Johnston: Vadimonium, the lex Irnitana, and the edictal commentaries , Festschrift JG Wolf (2000) 111-123.
  • E. Metzger: The Case of Petronia Iusta , Revue Internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité 47 (2000) 151-165. [2]
  • ders., The Current View of the Extra-Judicial Vadimonium , ZRG Rom. 117 (2000) 133-178. [3]
  • J. Platschek: Vadimonium factum Numerio Negidio , ZPE 137 (2001) 281-291.
  • D. Cloud: Some thoughts on vadimonium , ZRG Rome. 119 (2002) 143-176.
  • A. Sicari: ”Compromissum” e ”cautio vadimonium sisti”: quale responsabilità? , in: Diritto e giustizia nel processo (2002) 647-692.
  • E. Metzger: Litigation in Roman Law . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005. ISBN 0-19-829855-2 .