Patrilocality

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Tree house of the Korowai people in Papua New Guinea for up to 8 people (2006)

In ethnosociology, patrilocality ( Latin pater “father”, locus “place”: residence with the father) describes a sequence of housing ( residence rule ) in which a married couple sets up their household at the father's place of residence of one of the two spouses and moves the other partner added. The early social anthropology understood this to mean living with the husband's father or in the husband's area of ​​origin.

Virilocality ("at the place of the man") is more general and describes the establishment of marital residence with the husband, his father, family or at the place of his ancestry group ( lineage or clan ), the wife also includes. Virilocal is preferred to the ambiguous patrilocal with the meaning “with or near the man's family” .

Men centered residence rules can be found worldwide at 96% of all patrician linear , ordered only after the father line indigenous peoples and ethnic groups that make up part, 46% of the registered 1,300 ethnic groups. In them, close relationships develop between the father and his sons, and between the brothers and their families, while the wife's family is irrelevant. Usually fathers, brothers and sons form a core group, right up to extensive patriotic lineages , within which all kinship relationships relate to only one common original ancestor . Worldwide there is only one ethnic group with a patri- linear rule of origin, but a matri- local residential order.

Until 1957, the virilocality was stipulated in the German Civil Code (BGB) that the domicile of a wife automatically counted as the domicile of her husband, unless the husband established his domicile in a place abroad to which his wife did not follow him or not was obliged to follow (BGB § 10, old version). On the basis of the “marital decision-making right” of the husband ( obedience paragraph § 1354 ) that was valid up to then , he could determine the common place of residence at his own discretion. Only if the husband renounced the establishment of a marital residence or did not have a residence, the wife could determine a separate residence.

Residence pattern

The residence pattern of choice of residence found in practice can deviate from the cultural norm of the residence rule customary in a society . At the present time, many ethnic groups with traditionally male-centered rules of residence prefer the modern nuclear family and a new place of residence is established ( neo-locality ), especially in cities. This is often due to economic reasons, for example the dependence on jobs.

Residence and Descent

Evaluations of the data sets of around 1200 ethnic groups in the Ethnographic Atlas resulted in the following distribution values ​​for the rules of residence (residence) in societies with a patrilinear rule of descent (descent):

  • 46% of all ethnic groups worldwide arrange their ancestry patri- linearly, only according to the patriarchal line (589 societies):
    • 95.6% live viri / patriotic with the husband, his father, family, ancestry group ( lineage ) or clan
    • 04.2% live mainly neo- local ("at the new place")
    • 00.2% lives uxori / matri- locally with the wife, mother or family (1 ethnic group)

While patrilineal peoples establish marital residence almost exclusively with men, peoples who organize themselves according to the maternal line have all different options for choosing a residence.

However, the social anthropologist Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek notes in 2011: “Today this reference to the descent systems is mostly rejected and therefore advocates not using the terms patriotic or matriolocal. […] Overall, despite extensive proposals for definitions and prescriptions, there is still no uniform classification of the various forms of residence in ethno-sociology. ”More unambiguous is“ virilocality: with relatives of the husband - uxorilocality: with relatives of the wife ”.

See also

literature

  • Thomas Bargatzky : Ethnology: An introduction to the science of the primary productive societies. Buske, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-87548-039-2 , p. 112/113: Chapter 5.2: Descendent groups and local groups ( page previews in the Google book search).

Web links

  • Helmut Lukas, Vera Schindler, Johann Stockinger: Virilocal residence. In: Online Interactive Glossary: ​​Marriage, Marriage, and Family. Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1997 (in-depth remarks on the “postnuptial residence”, with references).;
  • Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Representation of the forms of residence. (PDF: 705 kB; 206 S.) In: Introduction to Ethnosociology. Part 2/2, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, University of Vienna, 2006, pp. 226–233 , archived from the original on October 1, 2008 (documents for your lecture in the 2006 summer semester, more detailed than in SS 2011).;
  • Hans-Rudolf Wicker: Post-maritime housing rules. (PDF: 387 kB, 47 pp.) In: Guide for the introductory lecture in social anthropology, 1995–2012. Institute for Social Anthropology, University of Bern, July 31, 2012, pp. 13/14 and 30/31, accessed on March 13, 2020 (revised version).
  • Brian Schwimmer: Patrilocal Residence. In: Tutorial: Kinship and Social Organization. Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Canada, 1995 (English, extensive kinship tutorial).;

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Bargatzky : Ethnology: An introduction to the science of the primary productive societies. Buske, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-87548-039-2 , p. 112: Chapter 5.2 Descendent groups and local groups ( side view preview in the Google book search).
  2. ↑ Lukas, Schindler, Stockinger: Patrilocal residence. In: Online Interactive Glossary: ​​Marriage, Marriage, and Family. University of Vienna, 1997, accessed on March 13, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Brian Schwimmer patrilocal residence. In: Tutorial: Kinship and Social Organization. University of Manitoba, 1995, accessed March 13, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Lukas, Schindler, Stockinger: Virilokale Residenz. In: Online Interactive Glossary: ​​Marriage, Marriage, and Family. University of Vienna, 1997, accessed on March 13, 2020 .
  5. ^ A b Hans-Rudolf Wicker: Post-maritime housing rules. (PDF: 387 kB, 47 pp.) In: Guide for the introductory lecture in social anthropology, 1995–2012. Institute for Social Anthropology, University of Bern, July 31, 2012, pp. 13/14, accessed on March 13, 2020 (revised version).
    The numbers on p. 13/14:
    589 patrilineal ethnic groups - their marital residence after marriage ( residence rule ):
    000563 (95.6%) live patrilocal | viri / patri-local with the husband or his father
    000001 0(0.2%) lives uxori / matri-local with the wife or her mother
    000025 0(4.2%) have different rules of residence:     neolokal , natolokal u. a.
  6. ↑ a b The Ethnographic Atlas by George P. Murdock now contains data sets on 1300 ethnic groups (as of December 2012 in the InterSciWiki ), of which often only samples were evaluated, for example in the HRAF project.
  7. ^ J. Patrick Gray: Ethnographic Atlas Codebook. In: World Cultures. Volume 10, No. 1, 1998, pp. 86–136, here p. 104: Table 43 Descent: Major Type (one of the few evaluations of all 1267 ethnic groups at that time; PDF file; 2.4 MB; without page numbers ): “ 584 patrilineal […] 160 matrilineal "(46.1% patrilineal; 12.6% matrilineal).
  8. ^ Hans-Rudolf Wicker: Post-maritime housing rules. (PDF: 387 kB, 47 pp.) In: Guide for the introductory lecture in social anthropology, 1995–2012. Institute for Social Anthropology, University of Bern, July 31, 2012, p. 13, accessed on March 13, 2020 (revised version).
  9. ↑ Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: ad. Residence rules and residence practice. (PDF: 853 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Introduction to the forms of social organization. Part 3/5, University of Vienna, 2011, pp. 95–96 , archived from the original on October 17, 2013 ; accessed on March 13, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Robin Fox: Kinship and Marriage. To Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1967, ISBN 0-521-27823-6 , p. 115 (English; page preview in Google Book Search).
  11. ↑ Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: No uniform use of various terms. (PDF: 853 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Introduction to the forms of social organization. Part 3/5, University of Vienna, 2011, p. 94 , archived from the original on October 17, 2013 ; accessed on March 13, 2020 .