Census in the German Reich 1939
The 1939 census was a census carried out in the German Reich . Originally planned for 1938, it was postponed to May 17, 1939 because of the "Anschluss of Austria" . The security service of the Reichsführer SS and the Secret State Police hoped to use this opportunity to obtain data for a Jewish index .
Previous censuses
The first census at the time of the Weimar Republic took place in 1919 and did not include any question of religious affiliation. In the same year, Article 136 of the Weimar Constitution created a constitutional basis for such questions. In 1925 a combined population, occupation and company census was carried out. The next census was planned for 1930, but was postponed several times due to the dire financial situation and only carried out on June 16, 1933. The population, occupation and company census also asked about religious affiliation; At the express request of Achim Gercke from the later Reichssippenamt , the place of birth was also asked "for the purpose of investigating folk-biological questions". The evaluation of all data was not completed until 1936.
preparation
As early as the spring of 1936, the Reich Statistical Office promoted another combined national, occupational and company census in 1938, justifying this with the fact that the results of the previous census were outdated by the development work and reorganization of the economy and new data for the military economy and military strength would have to be collected. The Reich Office only briefly dealt with the “Jewish question” and questioned whether “the recording of all Judaism and mixed Jews, even if they do not belong to the Mosaic religion, is still necessary”.
On July 12, 1937, in the presence of Adolf Eichmann, the "Security Service of the Reichsführer SS" and the Secret State Police held a meeting about the cooperation between the Party and the state in establishing a comprehensive Jewish index. "Supplementary cards" were requested for the planned census. There the religious affiliation of all four grandparents should be indicated, whereby the "racial affiliation" could be determined. Imprisonment should be threatened for false information. This enabled all “full Jews”, “ valid Jews ” and mixed Jewish people defined in the First Ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Act to be recorded. In order to avoid duplication of work, the compilation of a comprehensive Jewish index should be postponed until the census.
Because of the annexation of Austria , the census was postponed to 1939. The evaluation of the collected data lasted until March 1941.
Controversial interpretations
The question of whether and when the statistical secret practiced before 1933 and now legally enshrined in the National Socialist era was disputed and the statistical office was involved in the persecution of Jews. The "supplementary card" with personal data on "blood descent" had to be delivered in a sealed envelope which, according to the label, could only be opened by the statistical office.
Kurt Horstmann, head of department at the Federal Statistical Office at the time , considered it unlikely that this information could have got into the hands of the Gestapo before the end of 1941 : Rather, the security service could easily obtain the relevant data from other forms of registration, registry office registers, income tax cards, etc.
Götz Aly , on the other hand, was convinced that German officials [...] immediately transferred this information about the religious affiliation of the four grandparents, which was made in the "alleged protection of statistical secrecy and with the threat of punishment", to the column 'descent' of the police register. "According to Saul Friedländer's account," caused the local police for ensuring that the census cards of Jews and mixed race had the letter 'J'; Copies of all local census lists should be sent to the SD and forwarded to II 112. "
In her dissertation, Jutta Wietog rejects this description and suspects a mix-up with the “people's card index ” set up a short time later . The evaluation of the supplementary maps lasted until March 1941; beforehand the Reich Statistical Office gave only selective information. From April 1941 the supplementary cards were sent to the registration authorities, from the end of 1941 they went on to the Reichssippenamt . Wietog therefore considers it unlikely that the data collected in the census were used to a large extent for the transport lists for the deportation of German Jews . The thesis that the personal data of the referendum was misused through a comparison of the population register has not been dispelled and the facts are not considered to have been adequately clarified. For the " Ostmark " at that time , however, it can be assumed with a very high degree of probability that the census data were not misused for "transport lists" of the extermination camps, since in autumn 1939 the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde in Vienna - presumably by Adolf Eichmann - was forced to " Faithful Jews ”with their home address, date of birth and name and another“ special census ”of the so-called“ Non-Faithful Jews ”took place.
A publication by the Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing leaves the question unanswered as to whether and to what extent the data on the supplementary card were misused from April 1941 to supplement existing Jewish files. According to an analysis of the 45,672 handwritten comments on the supplementary cards of Jewish households in Berlin, most of which are dated August to December 1941, the Berlin “supplementary cards” were first sent to the Reich Labor Service by the registration authorities in early autumn 1941 on their way to the Reichssippenamt. However, the censuses of 1933 and 1939 then exemplified the abuse of official statistics by a totalitarian regime: data were passed on to other agencies and falsified, used for propaganda or misused for surveillance purposes.
Results
All figures refer to the territorial status of May 16, 1939, but without the Memelland (approx. 150,000 Ew.).
Population numbers
Detailed population figures (from line 15 without those serving in the Reich Labor Service (RAD) or in the military ):
row | What was counted | Population numbers | percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reich territory as a whole; with RAD (m / f) and military (m) | 79.375.281 | 100 | |
2 | of which (line 1): RAD (male / female) and military (male) | 1.330.023 | 1.68 | |
3 | Total Reich territory (excluding RAD and military) | 78.045.258 | 98.32 | |
4th | Men to row 1 | 38,761,645 | 48.83 | |
5 | Women to line 1 | 40,613,636 | 51.17 | |
6th | 100 years old and older (to line 1) | 16 (3 men, 13 women) | ||
7th | Married (on line 1) | 36,764,476 (18,382,238 married couples) |
46.32 | |
8th | Single (to line 1) | 36,732,511 | 46.28 | |
9 | Widowed men (on line 1) | 1,217,799 | 1.53 | |
10 | Widowed women (on line 1) | 3,850,922 | 4.85 | |
11 | Divorced (to line 1) | 809.574 | 1.02 | |
12 | in large cities (> 100,000 inhabitants, to line 1) | 24.187.422 | 30.47 | |
13 | in municipalities from 2,000 to less than 100,000 inhabitants (to line 1) | 29,875,968 | 37.64 | |
14th | in municipalities with less than 2,000 inhabitants (to line 1) | 25,311,877 | 31.89 | |
15th | Prussia | 40.941.155 | 51.58 | 100 |
Prussian areas: | ||||
15 a | East Prussia Province | 2,413,447 | 3.04 | 5.89 |
15 b | Mark Brandenburg Province | 2,912,388 | 3.67 | 7.11 |
15 c | Pomeranian Province | 2,330,445 | 2.94 | 5.69 |
15 d | Province of Silesia | 4,788,452 | 6.03 | 11.7 |
15 e | Province of Saxony | 3,549,429 | 4.47 | 8.67 |
15 f | Schleswig-Holstein Province | 1,538,888 | 1.94 | 3.76 |
15 g | Hanover Province | 3,406,496 | 4.29 | 8.32 |
15 h | Province of Westphalia | 5,146,791 | 6.48 | 12.57 |
15 i | Hesse-Nassau Province | 2,632,836 | 3.32 | 6.43 |
15 y | Rhine Province | 7,827,795 | 9.86 | 19.12 |
15 k | Hohenzollern country | 73.169 | 0.09 | 0.18 |
15 l | Berlin | 4,321,521 | 5.44 | 10.56 |
16 | Bavaria | 8,050,473 | 10.14 | |
17th | Saxony | 5,158,329 | 6.5 | |
18th | Württemberg | 2,851,385 | 3.59 | |
19th | to bathe | 2,457,323 | 3.1 | |
20th | Thuringia | 1,713,849 | 2.16 | |
21st | Hanseatic City of Hamburg | 1,698,388 | 2.14 | |
22nd | Hesse | 1,445,933 | 1.82 | |
23 | Mecklenburg | 876.412 | 1.10 | |
24 | Braunschweig | 569.171 | 0.72 | |
25th | Oldenburg | 555.916 | 0.70 | |
26th | Bremen | 445.067 | 0.56 | |
27 | Stop | 420.606 | 0.53 | |
28 | lip | 183.713 | 0.23 | |
29 | Schaumburg-Lippe | 52.053 | 0.07 | |
30th | Saarland | 823.978 | 1.04 | |
31 | Sudetenland | 2,919,648 | 3.68 | |
32 | Austria | 6,881,457 | 8.67 | 100 |
Austrian areas: | ||||
33 | Vienna | 1,912,608 | 2.41 | 27.79 |
34 | Lower Danube | 1,671,458 | 2.11 | 24.29 |
35 | Upper Danube | 1,018,721 | 1.28 | 14.80 |
36 | Styria | 1,107,039 | 1.39 | 16.09 |
37 | Carinthia | 439.721 | 0.55 | 6.39 |
38 | Salzburg | 253,618 | 0.32 | 3.69 |
39 | Tyrol | 323,456 | 0.41 | 4.70 |
40 | Vorarlberg | 154,836 | 0.20 | 2.25 |
Age structure
Age | Surplus of men | Men | Women | Excess of women | vintage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33,805 | 747.901 | 714.096 | 1938 | |
2 | 27,344 | 680.528 | 653.184 | 1937 | |
3 | 26,827 | 664.089 | 637.262 | 1936 | |
4th | 25,228 | 654.460 | 629.232 | 1935 | |
5 | 26,292 | 654.306 | 628.014 | 1934 | |
6th | 20,993 | 547.317 | 526.324 | 1933 | |
7th | 18,541 | 518.730 | 500.189 | 1932 | |
8th | 20,610 | 541,697 | 521.087 | 1931 | |
9 | 17.602 | 581,308 | 563,706 | 1930 | |
10 | 18,648 | 600.146 | 581,498 | 1929 | |
11 | 17,147 | 608.494 | 591,347 | 1928 | |
12 | 16,995 | 606.106 | 589.111 | 1927 | |
13 | 18.005 | 617,688 | 599,683 | 1926 | |
14th | 19,382 | 645,337 | 625.955 | 1925 | |
15th | 17,447 | 661.117 | 643.670 | 1924 | |
16 | 20,606 | 651.030 | 630,424 | 1923 | |
17th | 19.096 | 676.628 | 657.532 | 1922 | |
18th | 21,509 | 721.690 | 700.181 | 1921 | |
19th | 26,116 | 738.821 | 712.705 | 1920 | |
20th | 31,522 | 718.441 | 686.919 | 1919 | |
21st | 15,560 | 387,639 | 372.079 | 1918 | |
22nd | 14,854 | 351.454 | 336,600 | 1917 | |
23 | 14,652 | 390.501 | 375.849 | 1916 | |
24 | 13,663 | 441.094 | 427.431 | 1915 | |
25th | 10.121 | 674.141 | 664.020 | 1914 | |
26th | 9,428 | 694.061 | 684,633 | 1913 | |
27 | 12,969 | 717.826 | 704.857 | 1912 | |
28 | 11,037 | 708.156 | 697.119 | 1911 | |
29 | 11,797 | 709.645 | 697.848 | 1910 | |
30th | 10,034 | 731,438 | 721.404 | 1909 | |
31 | 8,868 | 738.078 | 729.210 | 1908 | |
32 | 10,432 | 733.039 | 722607 | 1907 | |
33 | 7,065 | 730.123 | 723.058 | 1906 | |
34 | 5,716 | 701.675 | 695,959 | 1905 | |
35 | 3,033 | 694.211 | 691.178 | 1904 | |
36 | 1,734 | 684.381 | 682,647 | 1903 | |
37 | 1,711 | 686.616 | 684.905 | 1902 | |
38 | 1,807 | 687.933 | 686.126 | 1901 | |
39 | 653.870 | 657.044 | 3,174 | 1900 | |
40 | 623.471 | 651.425 | 27,954 | 1899 | |
41 | 577,660 | 640,869 | 63.209 | 1898 | |
42 | 541,826 | 627.640 | 85.814 | 1897 | |
43 | 511.903 | 621.068 | 109,165 | 1896 | |
44 | 479.379 | 599,971 | 120,592 | 1895 | |
45 | 458.206 | 586,927 | 128,721 | 1894 | |
46 | 448.605 | 575.939 | 127,334 | 1893 | |
47 | 432.174 | 550.301 | 118.127 | 1892 | |
48 | 420,896 | 539.015 | 118.119 | 1891 | |
49 | 428.941 | 528.993 | 100.052 | 1890 | |
50 | 421.255 | 517.907 | 96,652 | 1889 | |
51 | 417.064 | 506.236 | 89.172 | 1888 | |
52 | 421,893 | 503,883 | 81,990 | 1887 | |
53 | 406.938 | 482,401 | 75,463 | 1886 | |
54 | 402.119 | 473,959 | 71,840 | 1885 | |
55 | 391.739 | 457.125 | 65,386 | 1884 | |
56 | 377.471 | 437.116 | 59,645 | 1883 | |
57 | 377.163 | 432.940 | 55,777 | 1882 | |
58 | 365.965 | 416.478 | 50,513 | 1881 | |
59 | 355,634 | 401.964 | 46,330 | 1880 | |
60 | 361,488 | 409.419 | 47,931 | 1879 | |
61 | 359,338 | 405.002 | 45,664 | 1878 | |
62 | 351.778 | 392.135 | 40,357 | 1877 | |
63 | 341.911 | 380,957 | 39,046 | 1876 | |
64 | 338.705 | 375.106 | 36,401 | 1875 | |
65 | 311.825 | 345.066 | 33.241 | 1874 | |
66 | 294,895 | 326.832 | 31,937 | 1873 | |
67 | 275,422 | 307.073 | 31,651 | 1872 | |
68 | 236.295 | 261,619 | 25,324 | 1871 | |
69 | 231.213 | 257,513 | 26,300 | 1870 | |
70 | 231,747 | 261.283 | 29,536 | 1869 | |
71 | 201,441 | 229,850 | 28,409 | 1868 | |
72 | 187.413 | 214,789 | 27,376 | 1867 | |
73 | 172.232 | 201,337 | 29,105 | 1866 | |
74 | 155.391 | 184,431 | 29,040 | 1865 | |
75 | 139.251 | 167.978 | 28,727 | 1864 | |
76 | 127,785 | 157.030 | 29,245 | 1863 | |
77 | 109.166 | 135.020 | 25,854 | 1862 | |
78 | 91,870 | 115.036 | 23,166 | 1861 | |
79 | 82,406 | 105.289 | 22,883 | 1860 | |
80 | 72.293 | 95,499 | 23.206 | 1859 | |
81 | 59,907 | 79,899 | 19,992 | 1858 | |
82 | 49,642 | 67,763 | 18,121 | 1857 | |
83 | 37,892 | 53,244 | 15,352 | 1856 | |
84 | 30,010 | 42,799 | 12,789 | 1855 | |
85 | 23,133 | 34,398 | 11,265 | 1854 | |
86 | 19,422 | 29,716 | 10,294 | 1853 | |
87 | 13,508 | 21,429 | 7,921 | 1852 | |
88 | 10,674 | 17,270 | 6,596 | 1851 | |
89 | 7,773 | 12,862 | 5,089 | 1850 | |
90 | 5,337 | 9,349 | 4.012 | 1849 | |
91 | 3,532 | 6.339 | 2,807 | 1848 | |
92 | 2,064 | 3,808 | 1,744 | 1847 | |
93 | 1,428 | 2,624 | 1,196 | 1846 | |
94 | 919 | 1,740 | 821 | 1845 | |
95 | 591 | 1,265 | 674 | 1844 | |
96 | 370 | 783 | 413 | 1843 | |
97 | 208 | 526 | 318 | 1842 | |
98 | 195 | 355 | 160 | 1841 | |
99 | 114 | 240 | 126 | 1840 | |
100 | 41 | 100 | 59 | 1839 | |
101 | 3 | 13 | 10 | 1838 | |
38,761,645 | 40,613,636 |
Administrative units
There were five levels: “Land” (1), “Province” (2) (only in Prussia), “Administrative Region” (3), “District” (4) and “Municipality” (5). The names for the middle levels were not uniform. In the table below, they are assigned to the five levels regardless of their name.
level | Surname | number |
---|---|---|
1 | countries | 15th |
2 | (Prussian) provinces | 10 |
3 | Administrative districts | 53 |
3 | Berlin and Hamburg | 2 |
4th | Circles | 670 |
4th | Counties | 223 |
4th | Counties and counties together | 893 |
4/5 | City districts | 225 |
4th | Counties, rural districts, urban districts together | 1128 |
5 | Small towns (from 10,000 inhabitants) | 410 |
4/5 | Cities of all sizes | 637 |
Information on "Jews"
The census recorded people who were classified as “Jewish” (as opposed to German-blooded ) following the First Ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Act.
classification |
German Reich (within the borders of January 1, 1938, excluding Ostmark , Sudeten German areas and Memelland ) |
---|---|
Total population "Old Reich area" | 69,316,526 |
"Full Jews" | 233,846 |
of which "religious Jews" | 213.930 |
"Valid Jews" | approx. 6000 or 8,500 |
"Mixed race 1st degree" | 52.005 |
"Mixed race 2nd degree" | 32,669 |
classification | Austria | Vienna | Austrian federal states |
---|---|---|---|
Total population of the "Ostmark" | 6,650,306 | ||
"Full Jews" | 94,530 | 91,530 | 3,000 |
of which "religious Jews" | 81,943 | 79,919 | 2,024 |
"Valid Jews" | 1,512 | 1,452 | 60 |
Sum of the "Jews" (in the sense of the 1st regulation of the Reich Citizenship Law ) |
96,042 | 92,982 | 3,060 |
"Mixed race 1st degree" | 16,938 | 14,858 | 2,080 |
"Mixed race 2nd degree" | 7,391 | 5,955 | 1,537 |
Official publication
- The population of the German Reich, according to the results of the 1939 census. Part: H. 1., Stand, Entwicklung u. Way of settlement d. Population d. German Empire: table part . Berlin: Verl. F. Social policy, economy, etc. Statistics, 1943
- The population of the German Reich, according to the results of the 1939 census. Part: H. 5., The foreigners in the German Reich: table. Berlin: Verl. F. Social policy, economy, etc. Statistics, 1943
- The families in the German Reich: the marriages after d. Number d. born children. Editing in the stat. Reich Office . Berlin: Verl. F. Social policy, economy, etc. Statistics, 1943
- Census. 1.4. The Jews and Jewish mixed race in the German Reich . Berlin, 1944
- Census. 2. Households in the German Reich . Berlin, 1944
- Official municipality register for the Greater German Reich based on the 1939 census . Berlin: Publishing house for social policy, economy and statistics, Paul Schmidt, 1944
Publication of the supplementary maps
A digitized version of the supplementary maps of the census of May 17, 1939 was published on the Internet by Tracing the Past eV. The publication contains around 410,000 original entries with various search options. The entries have been expanded with biographical information from the list of residents of the Federal Archives .
See also
- List of major cities in Germany (population 1939)
- Machine reporting
literature
- Gudrun Exner; Peter Schimany: The census in Austria and the registration of the Austrian Jews. In: Rainer Mackensen (Ed.): Population research and politics in Germany in the 20th century. Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-15121-5 .
- Jutta Wietog: Censuses under National Socialism. Documentation on population statistics in the Third Reich. Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-10384-X .
- Census. The population of the German Reich according to the results of the 1939 census. Statistics of the German Reich, vol. 552, Berlin 1944.
Web links
- 200 years of official statistics in Bavaria 1808 to 2008 (pdf; 2.5 MB) Published by the Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing, Munich 2008; Chapter Time of National Socialism pp. 34–40.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: censuses under Nazism. Documentation on population statistics in the Third Reich. Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-10384-X , p. 40 u. 246.
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: Population censuses ... , p. 82.
- ↑ Document 288. In: The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 . Vol. 1: 1933-1937, Munich 2008, pp. 680 f., ISBN 978-3-486-58480-6 .
- ↑ Illustration of an additional map ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF).
- ↑ Legal basis: 1937 RGBl. I, 1053/1938 RGBl. I, 796/1939 RGBl. I, 281 / VO of January 21, 1939 in the Reichsminsterialblatt - printed in Statistics of the German Reich , NF Bd. 552.1 Nachdr. Osnabrück 1975.
- ↑ Manfred Gailus & Armin Nolzen: Quarreled "Volksgemeinschaft": Faith, Denomination and Religion in National Socialism . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 9783647300290 , p. 196 (accessed December 30, 2018).
- ↑ Illustration in Jutta Wietog: Volkszählungen ... , p. 274.
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: Censuses ... , p. 13.
- ↑ Götz Aly; Karl Heinz Roth: The complete coverage. Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 7, ISBN 3-596-14767-0 .
- ↑ Saul Friedländer: The Third Reich and the Jews. (Special edition) Munich 2007, p. 218, ISBN 978-3-406-56681-3 .
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: Population censuses ... , p. 14.
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: Population censuses ... p. 276.
- ↑ Gudrun Exner, Peter Schimany: The census in Austria ... , p. 154.
- ↑ Gudrun Exner; Peter Schimany: The census in Austria… , pp. 148–151.
- ↑ An Analysis of the Reichsarbeitsdienst Notations in the 1939 German "Minority Census" https://www.academia.edu/42118968/An_Analysis_of_the_Reichsarbeitsdienst_Notations_in_the_1939_German_Minority_Census_
- ↑ 200 years of official statistics in Bavaria, 1808 to 2008 (pdf; 2.5 MB), p. 39 (accessed on 23 September 2012).
- ^ The population of the German Reich according to the results of the 1939 census, No. 2; Berlin 1941.
- ↑ Figures (unless otherwise noted) from Die Juden und Jewish Mischlinge in the German Empire. In: Census. The population of the German Reich according to the results of the 1939 census. Statistics of the German Reich, Bd. 552, H. 4, Berlin 1944.
- ↑ Jutta Wietog: Population censuses ... , p. 157.
- ↑ Statistics of the German Empire , NF Vol. 552.1.
- ^ Dieter Maier: Labor deployment and deportation. the involvement of the labor administration in the National Socialist persecution of the Jews in the years 1938–1945 Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-89468-127-6 , p. 205.
- ↑ Calculated according to information from Beate Meyer: Jüdische Mischlinge. Racial politics and experience of persecution 1933–1945. Hamburg 1999, p. 162, ISBN 3-933374-22-7 .
- ↑ Gudrun Exner; Peter Schimany: The census in Austria ... , p. 142.
- ↑ See (last accessed on November 28, 2018) the website of Mapping the Lives