Willow buck
| Willow buck | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Willow buck ( Rhamnusium bicolor ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Rhamnusium bicolor | ||||||||||||
| ( Closet , 1781) |
The pastures Bock or bump head Bock ( Rhamnusium bicolor ) is a beetle from the family of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). It is one of four species in its genus, three of which are found in Europe. It occurs in Central and Eastern Europe and is common in this region.
features
Characteristics of the adults
The willow buck reaches a body length of 16 to 24 millimeters. The body is elongated and slender, the wing cover sides are almost parallel and only slightly narrowed at the end. The body is reddish-yellow to red-brown, the wing covers are variable in color and mostly dark brown with a strong metal shimmer or black-blue. In addition, there is also a light shape with reddish wings and other color morphs. The underside and the antennas can be blackened. In the male, the claw link of the front tarsi is clearly thickened.
The head is thickened behind the eyes so that it forms “thick temples”; behind it he is suddenly constricted like a neck. The eyes are on the side of the head and do not protrude beyond the temples. Links three and four of the antennae are about the same length; however, the link 3 is much shorter than the links 5 and following. The throat plate is almost smooth, the pronotum on both sides of the center line has striking bump-like elevations.
Characteristics of the larvae
The larvae of the willow goat reach a maximum length of 30 millimeters. They resemble the larvae of the Rhagium species; however, they lack the orbital cusps and the anal segment has a long central spinous process. As with the larvae of the shoulder trestle ( Oxymirus cursor ), the rudiments of the lateral furrows of the prothorax are poorly developed or absent.
distribution
The billy goat occurs in its nominate form Rhamnusium bicolor bicolor over large parts of Central and Eastern Europe. In the north the distribution area extends to southern Finland and in the east to Kazakhstan . The subspecies Rhamnusium bicolor gemaggii Tippmann, 1956, is also common in Italy . It is generally widespread in Central Europe, but there is no evidence in Denmark or Liechtenstein and no current evidence in Luxembourg . In Germany, evidence is known from all federal states and the beetle is also widespread in Austria and Switzerland. The species occurs from the lowlands to the low mountain ranges.
Way of life
The willow buck lives mainly in old and often in dead or injured avenue and park trees in local areas, in chestnut avenues and also in forest edge areas. The adults can be found from late April to September, especially in June and July. They are active at twilight and spend the day quietly on trunks or under bark and in tree hollows in the area of the comparatively small development areas. They can also be found in the muck of rotten and dead wood . They can also be seen less frequently during the day in free flight or flying in the twilight of tree hollows. Artificial light can attract the beetles.
The willow buck is polyphagous and develops accordingly in the wood of different tree species. The larvae live mainly in poplars ( Populus ) and horse chestnuts ( Aesculus ), but also in willows ( Salix ), maples ( Acer ), red beeches ( Fagus sylvatica ), real walnuts ( Juglans regia ), Prunus species, Robinia ( Robinia pseudoacacia) ), Linden ( Tilia ), elm ( Ulmus ) and sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ). The larvae take two to three years to develop and take place in rotten parts of thick, living deciduous tree trunks. A tree trunk can also be used over several generations and years. They are mainly found in the wood around tree hollows, on bark-free damaged areas and tree wounds where there is sludge, and on the border between dead and living wood parts. Sometimes the larvae feed close together. The larva overwinters and pupates in spring in a pupa cradle in the wood, which is surrounded by wood chips like the Rhagium species. In contrast to these, who tend to lay their doll's cradle under the bark, the larvae of the willow goat penetrate deeper into the wood.
Systematics
The willow buck is a separate species of the longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) and is classified there in the genus Xylosteus within the Lepturinae . The first scientific description comes from Franz von Paula cabinet , who described it in 1781. Within the subfamily, Rhamnusium forms the tribe Rhamnusiini Sama with the genus Neorhamnusium Hayashi, which occurs in Asia , in 1976 .
The name for the genus Rhamnusium is made up of the Greek "Rhamnos" for the "thorn bush" and "usia" for the "essence", it refers to the thorn-like bumps on the pronotum. "Bicolor" means two-tone and indicates the color contrast between the pronotum and the winglets.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m “Type: Rhamnusium bicolor (cabinet, 1781) - Weidenbock.” In: Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: Die Bockkäfer Mitteleuropas . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 2, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; Pp. 352-353
- ^ A b Matthias Schaefer : Brohmer - Fauna of Germany. 19th revised edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-494-01225-3 ; P. 356.
- ^ Karl Wilhelm Harde, František Severa: Der Kosmos Käferführer. The Central European beetle. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06959-1 ; P. 264.
- ↑ a b c “7. Genus: Rhamnusium Latr. “In: Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica. The beetles of the German Empire. KG Lutz, Stuttgart 1912; Pp. 7-8. ( Digitized version )
- ↑ a b Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: The longhorn beetles of Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 1, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; Pp. 103-104
- ↑ Rhamnusium bicolor. Fauna Europaea, accessed June 16, 2020 .
literature
- "Type: Rhamnusium bicolor (cabinet, 1781) - willow goat." In: Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: The longhorn beetles of Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 2, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; Pp. 352-353
