Regulations for the radio service
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| Basic data | |
| Short title: | Regulations for the radio service (Germany, Switzerland until 2012) Radio regulations (Switzerland since 2012) |
| Full title: | Regulations for the Radio Service of the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union |
| Type: | international treaty |
| Legal matter: | international law |
| Scope: | international |
| Abbreviation : | VO radio |
| Contracting States: | approx. 200 |
| Announcement day: | 2012 |
| German version: | no |
The ITU Radio Regulations , shortly Radio Regulations (Germany) or the Radio Regulations (Switzerland) ( English Radio Regulations , RR ) regulates internationally within the framework of international law, radio services and the use of radio spectrum. It complements the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union . In addition to the Constitution and Convention and the Radio Regulations on international telecommunications (Engl. International Telecommunication Regulations , ITR ), the Radio Regulations is one of the basic documents of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). As agreed, the VO Funk comprises and regulates the part of the allocated electromagnetic spectrum (also radio frequency spectrum) from 9 kHz to 275 GHz.
content
The VO Funk mainly regulates the allocation of frequency ranges to the radio services , the technical parameters to be observed and the operating procedures applicable to the various radio services. The VO Funk is regularly revised and updated by world radio conferences . It appears in the official and working languages of the ITU, namely English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French and Russian. The last complete translation into German was done in 1982 by the then German Federal Ministry for Post and Telecommunications .
As a work with the character of an international treaty , the VO Funk binds the contracting states. For the individual citizen it has no direct legal effect.
The radio regulation is implemented in national law by the responsible national authority, a frequency administration . In Germany, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and the Federal Network Agency, if necessary with other departments, are responsible for this. This is e.g. B. in the Telecommunications Act and for Article 5 of the VO Funk ( en : Frequency allocations / de: Frequency range assignments) by the Frequency Range Allocation Plan Ordinance .
structure
The VO Funk in the 2012 version is structured as follows:
VOLUME 1 - Article
- CHAPTER I - Terminology and technical characteristics
- CHAPTER II - Frequencies
- CHAPTER III - Coordination, publication and evidence of frequency assignments and change plans
- CHAPTER IV - Disorders
- CHAPTER V - Administrative arrangements
- CHAPTER VI - Specifications on radio services and radio stations
- CHAPTER VII - Search and Security Telecommunications
- CHAPTER VIII - Aeronautical radio services
- CHAPTER IX - Seefunkdienste
- CHAPTER X - Provisions for the entry into force of the VO Funk
VOLUME 2 - Appendices
VOLUME 3 - Resolutions and Recommendations
VOLUME 4 - ITU-R Recommendations inserted with reference to
maps for use in conjunction with Appendix 27
Geographical division of the world
The VO Funk divides the world into three ITU regions for frequency range assignments, i.e. the assignment of frequency ranges to one or more radio services .
history
The international agreements with which radio traffic and radio transmission were regulated from 1903 onwards are referred to as the World Radio Treaty .
prehistory
From 1900 the Marconi International Marine Communication Company in London secured the sole right to exercise radio operations after it had switched to no longer selling its equipment, but rather renting it, including staff, to the shipping companies. Except in emergencies, users of Marconi systems were only allowed to communicate with other Marconi systems by telegram.
From August 4 to 13, 1903, the first radio conference for radio communications took place in Berlin with 90 representatives from 32 countries. However, valid agreements were only reached between Germany, England, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Spain and the USA.
First world radio contract
In order to counter the danger of a world radio monopoly by Marconi, Telefunken acquired the right in 1905 to set up and operate receiving and transmitting equipment on German ships. Furthermore, the German government invited to a world radio conference in Berlin with the aim of eliminating any radio monopoly. From October 3 to November 1, 1906, Reinhold von Sydow chaired the second session of the radio conference in Berlin, which was attended by 27 nations. The result of this conference, the first world radio contract approved by 30 countries on November 3, 1906 (forerunner of today's international telecommunications treaties), which introduced compulsory traffic between coastal and airborne stations, gave radio traffic free international access. Three radio companies quickly became world leaders: Radio Corporation of America in the USA , Marconi in England and Telefunken in Germany. Since the peculiarities of the radio technical operations service required a special company, the company Internationaler Telefunken Betrieb was established in 1908 , from which the German operating company for wireless telegraphy (Debeg) emerged in 1911 .
At the suggestion of Germany, at the First World Radio Conference in Berlin in 1906, 3 points, 3 lines, 3 points (without pauses between the letters) were introduced as the first internationally uniform distress sign. This signal, known as " SOS ", was also adopted by aviation.
After Marconi continued to refuse to send messages to anyone in 1909, the state telegraph administration acquired Marconi's coastal stations and opened them to public transport.
Second radio contract
After the sinking of the RMS Titanic in April 1912, it became clear how important the newly discovered radio technology was for maritime traffic. When the Titanic hit the iceberg, an eastbound ship, the Californian , was only 6 to 8 km from the scene of the accident. Their radio operator had sought contact with the radio operator Jack Phillips of the Titanic, but failed due to misunderstandings. Other ships that were still nearby were not yet equipped with radios and therefore could not hear the distress calls at all.
In the same year the second international radio telegraph agreement was concluded in London . From January to October, the previous states ratified the treaty, which came into force on July 1, 1913.
However, the First World War prevented the implementation of the treaties.
Third world radio contract
In October / November 1927 the International World Radiocommunication Conference took place in Washington, DC . 400 representatives from 76 countries take part in the conference. On November 25, 1927, the Third World Radio Treaty ( Weltnachrichtenvertrag ) was signed between 76 governments and 65 companies. The regulations came into effect on January 1, 1929.
Article 10 of the treaty obliges the contracting countries to ensure that public and private broadcasting stations are set up and operated according to best practice; in such a way that they do not interfere with radio-electronic traffic or the services of the other contracting states.
It includes agreements on frequency allocation. A long wave range from 160 to 228 kHz and a medium wave range from 675 to 1500 kHz are available for broadcasting. In the shortwave range, which was developed by amateurs in the early 1920s, radio receives six bands at 49, 31, 25, 19, 17 and 14 m wavelength. In addition, the International Advisory Committee for the Radio Service Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications (CCIR) is established. The Washington resolutions make a revision of the Geneva Frequency Plan of 1925 necessary for Europe. The few thousand radio amateurs in 1927 were assigned all frequency bands in the range below 200 m wavelength.
All ships with more than 300 passengers must have three radio operators on board, ships with 150 to 300 passengers two radio operators and ships with more than 25 passengers and all cargo ships one radio operator. During this time, the operating staff consisted of former members of Debeg, the German Atlantic Telegraph Company, who came from the Telegraph Office in Emden, and 10 postal supernumeraries.
anniversary
On October 30, 2006, the ITU in Geneva celebrated the 100th anniversary of VO Funk. The following milestones mark the path from 1906 to today:
- International Radio Telegraph Convention of Berlin 1906 - first edition of VO Funk, regulation of radio traffic between ships at sea and the mainland
- European Broadcasting Conference Geneva 1926 - first attempt at a more comprehensive European frequency regulation
- International Radio Conference Washington 1927 - Transmission frequencies of the shortwave radio stations have been set
- European Broadcasting Conference Prague 1929
- International Radio Conference Madrid 1932
- European Broadcasting Conference Lucerne 1933
- Cairo International Radio Conference 1938
- European Radio Conference Montreux 1939
- Atlantic City International Broadcasting Conference 1947
- Copenhagen wave plan Copenhagen 1948 - plan for the distribution of the transmission frequencies for radio stations in the long and medium wave range
- International Radio Conference Geneva 1975 - Geneva wave plan for the operation of radio transmitters in the long and medium wave range, came into force on November 23, 1978 and is still valid today with minor modifications
literature
- Hermann Thurn: The spark telegraphy in the right ; 1913
- H. Thurn: The international regulation of radio telegraphy and telephony ; 1929
Web links
- Current version of VO Funk (2016)
- Historical ITU documents (original language editions from 1906, 1912, 1927, 1932, 1938, 1947, 1959, 1968, 1976, 1982, 1990, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012)
- Law on the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union ( Federal Law Gazette 1996 II p. 1306 )
- Frequency Ordinance (2013)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Different view, two judgments of the Cologne Administrative Court (Az .: 11 K 572/07 and 11 K 573/07) from June 15, 2007
- ↑ http://www.friedewald-family.de/Publikationen/Nischenprodukt.pdf
- ↑ Blitz und Anker, Volume 1: Informationstechnik - Geschichte und ..., Volume 1 By Joachim Beckh; P. 163
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 25, 2002 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.seefunknetz.de/entwickl.htm
- ↑ http://www.deutsches-telefon-museum.eu/1900.htm
- ↑ http://www.fernsehmuseum.info/vom-rundfunk-zum-fernsehen.html
- ↑ Reichstag Protocols, p 453ff
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
