Agricultural winter school
An agricultural winter school is a technical school in the professions of farmer and rural housekeeping . Today, most of the winter schools, which teach only from November to March, have been replaced by technical schools with year-round teaching.
history
With the development of modern agricultural science by Albrecht Daniel Thaer , the theoretical basis for efficient agriculture was created. As early as 1806 Thaer founded the first school, the Agricultural Academy Möglin , in which he taught future farmers the modern teaching of agriculture and agricultural economics. This academy, like others founded in the following years, was affiliated with a university of its kind and as such was organizationally comparable to today's institutes . Despite the sometimes low access conditions, at the Royal Agricultural Academy Eldena , for example, a certificate of good conduct and the declaration of consent from the guardian and the director of the academy were sufficient for foreign students, they attached great importance to academic education. The first students were later managers of manors .
With the population growth from the middle of the 19th century, so did the demands on the productivity of agriculture. Increasing industrialization offered more and more people an alternative source of income to the traditional ones such as agriculture and handicrafts. In addition, land consumption increased due to growing industry and population. In addition, the food industry developed , which made completely different demands on agricultural products. The first agricultural schools opened for the broad strata of farmers around 1850. In 1844 the first agricultural school was opened in Chemnitz in the Kingdom of Saxony . This was followed by others in the next few years, which were switched to winter lessons from 1875. The professional associations founded at the time also played a major role in the continuing education.
In the middle of the 19th century, agricultural winter schools were also set up in other German countries. They should usually impart specialist knowledge to around 15-year-old boys in one to two winter months, most of whom came from families of small and medium-sized landowners. The prerequisites were the successful completion of elementary school and a certain amount of practical work on a farm. Since the workload on the farms from spring to autumn was very high and the mechanization was only slightly developed, all available forces were required on the farm. Therefore the school only took place in the winter months from November to March.
Rural household courses
In many schools girls were also educated and prepared for a role in the farm household. As early as the 1870s, some women's associations had set up so-called household institutions. The Baden women's association , which Grand Duchess Louise co-founded in 1859, was considered to be groundbreaking in the relationship. In 1886 the first housekeeping school was set up in Pforzheim . In Baden , more precisely in Schopfheim in 1885, the first traveling cooking courses were held. These took place mainly in the winter months (see winter school), the women's clubs provided teachers and (mobile) kitchen equipment. With the increasing interest of the municipalities and regional authorities, the courses were held for a longer period of time and thus also more sustainably effective. The hiking schools in Baden with the increasing number of permanent facilities already lost their importance before the First World War, while in Bavaria they were only systematically expanded afterwards. Among other things, graduates of the economic women's schools in Miesbach were out and about with teaching kitchens in old Bavaria and conveyed relevant content in the cold season . The “ Bavarian Cookbook ” was created from an associated recipe collection .
change
The occupation of the farmer placed increasing demands on a more extensive training. In the second half of the 20th century, many winter schools were therefore converted into vocational or technical schools.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jana Fitz: Northern European students at the University of Greifswald between the Congress of Vienna and National Socialism in Nils Jörn : The University of Greifswald in the educational landscape of the Baltic Sea region , LIT Verlag Münster, 2007, p. 332.
- ↑ State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (publisher): On the development of pig breeding and production in the State of Saxony 1850-2000 , series of publications by the Saxon State Institute for Agriculture - Issue 1, 2003, p. 4 available as a pdf .
- ^ Johannes Kramer: The rural domestic education system in Germany, dissertation at the University of Erlangen, Fulda 1913.
- ↑ a b Kramer, pp. 30-35.
- ↑ Kramer, pp. 90-91.
- ↑ Kramer, p. 68.
- ↑ Hans Kratzer: Sauguad. The Bavarian Cookbook has been around for 100 years. It reflects the history of the kitchen and technology, language and zeitgeist. And you learn to cook with it too. , in: Süddeutsche Zeitung , No. 244, October 23, 2015, p. R15.
- ↑ Economic women's school in the countryside in Bavaria, Miesbach, Ursula Meyer, Reifensteiner Association.
- ↑ Home calendar of Liebenwerda district , 1915; Pp. 83-83
- ^ Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg: Technical schools for agriculture in Baden-Württemberg .