Xunhua incident

The Xunhua Incident ( Chinese循化事件) is an uprising carried out in April 1958 by Tibetans and Salars against the rule of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in Qinghai, China . He was "in connection with the nationwide campaign Great Leap Forward " and broke out in the autonomous district Xunhua Salar in the province of Qinghai , in the hometown of the 10th Panchen Lama . Since March 1958, officials there have imposed strict measures for socialist transformation of society, and in order to prevent riots religious leaders, including Jnana Pal Rinpoche (加乃化仁波切), a respected monk, were abducted for so-called re-education. This step turned out to be counterproductive, because now 4,000 people of different ethnicities rebelled. They killed a team leader from the CCP. The uprising was violently suppressed and ended in a massacre by the People's Liberation Army that killed 435 people in four hours on April 25, most of them unarmed civilians.

history

background

During the "Big Leap" in March 1958, Zhu Xiafu (朱侠夫), the deputy secretary of the CCP committee in Qinghai, called for rapid socialist transformation of the nomadic communities and set quotas for various areas. He issued the order for the rapid establishment of the " socialist cooperatives " for animal husbandry .

At the same time, in order to "prevent rioting," the leaders in Qinghai followed the direction of the CCP Central Committee and began "using meetings and study sessions to control minority religious leaders." One of the religious leaders sent for re-education was Jnana Pal Rinpoche (加乃化仁波切), a respected monk from Bimdo Monastery (温都寺). He was the vice administrator of Xunhua County and taught the Dalai Lama and the Penchen Lama .

The riot

Xunhua

On April 17, 1958, a group of Gangca County citizens opposed the cooperative orders and demanded the release of Jnana Pal Rinpoche. They arrested the local CCP secretary and sawed down power poles. The next day, the protests became violent, with the death of a team leader from the CCP task force.

The Salars joined the resistance, and on April 24, rioting of over 4,000 people broke out in Xunhua County. Shops were robbed and several local officials were injured. The rebels did not leave the area until night.

The massacre

On the morning of April 25, the People's Liberation Army sent two regiments to quell the uprising. Upon their arrival, the troops opened fire on the assembled civilians demanding the release of Jnana Pal Rinpoche. When the troops realized after four hours that the civilians were largely unarmed, they had already killed 435 people, with a total of 719 victims.

In the afternoon of the same day, a total of 2,499 people were arrested, including 1,581 Salaren , 537 Tibetans , 343 Hui and 38 Han Chinese . Official sources say the death toll within the troops was 17, in addition to an estimated real estate loss of RMB 0.9 million at the time.

aftermath

Jnana Pal Rinpoche committed suicide in the "study session" after hearing the news. He was "identified" by officials as the organizer of the uprising.

Mao Zedong later expressed support for the Qinghai action, stating that "the counterrevolutionary uprising in Qinghai was wonderful as it represented an opportunity for the liberation of the working people and the decision of the CCP committee in Qinghai was absolutely right."

Some consider the Xunhua incident to be the precursor to the 1959 Tibetan uprising .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Siling Luo: 西藏的秘密战争，究竟发生了什么？（下） ( zh ) June 22, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jianglin Li: Tibet in Agony ( en ). Harvard University Press, October 10, 2016, ISBN 978-0-674-08889-4 .
^ ^A ^b Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski: Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches ( en ). Lexington Books, November 12, 2015, ISBN 978-0-7391-7530-9 .
↑ ^a ^b Jianglin Li: 1959 ：拉薩！ ── 達賴喇嘛如何出走 ( zh-TW ). 聯經出版事業公司, July 1, 2010, ISBN 978-957-08-3638-7 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anna Wang: 王安娜：纪念 1958 年藏族起义 “循化事件” 62 周年 —— 当代青海 “五大名著” ( zh )
↑ Gilles van Grasdorff: Hostage of Beijing: The Abduction of the Panchen Lama ( en ). Element, 1999, ISBN 978-1-86204-561-3 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Jianglin Li: 青海 “循化事件” 始末 ( zh )
↑ ^a ^b ^c Isabel Hilton: The Search for the Panchen Lama ( en ). WW Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 978-0-393-32167-8 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Alexander Norman: The Dalai Lama: An Extraordinary Life ( en ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, February 25, 2020, ISBN 978-0-544-41688-8 .
↑ ^a ^b THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN CHINA . National Defense University Press.

[:5-1] Siling Luo: 西藏的秘密战争，究竟发生了什么？（下） ( zh ) June 22, 2016.

[:0-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jianglin Li: Tibet in Agony ( en ). Harvard University Press, October 10, 2016, ISBN 978-0-674-08889-4 .

[:3-3] A ^b Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski: Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches ( en ). Lexington Books, November 12, 2015, ISBN 978-0-7391-7530-9 .

[:6-4] Jianglin Li: 1959 ：拉薩！ ── 達賴喇嘛如何出走 ( zh-TW ). 聯經出版事業公司, July 1, 2010, ISBN 978-957-08-3638-7 .

[:1-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anna Wang: 王安娜：纪念 1958 年藏族起义 “循化事件” 62 周年 —— 当代青海 “五大名著” ( zh )

[6] Gilles van Grasdorff: Hostage of Beijing: The Abduction of the Panchen Lama ( en ). Element, 1999, ISBN 978-1-86204-561-3 .

[:2-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Jianglin Li: 青海 “循化事件” 始末 ( zh )

[:8-8] Isabel Hilton: The Search for the Panchen Lama ( en ). WW Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 978-0-393-32167-8 .

[:4-9] Alexander Norman: The Dalai Lama: An Extraordinary Life ( en ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, February 25, 2020, ISBN 978-0-544-41688-8 .

[:7-10] THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN CHINA . National Defense University Press.