Numbers connection test

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Number Connection Test (ZVT) is a speech-free intelligence test that measures the speed of performance on which all intelligence is based. This corresponds to bundles of capabilities, which are referred to in the literature as " perceptual speed " or "processing speed ".

The test was developed by Wolf Oswald and Erwin Roth in 1987 and has been available in a third, completely revised and newly standardized edition since January 2016. The number-connection test is suitable for determining environment-independent, i.e. H. genetically specified differences in performance in the above To measure areas and allows conclusions to be drawn about the general intelligence level of a subject . The test has a wide range of applications and can be carried out without great effort.

Theoretical foundations

In 1970, Wolf D. Oswald developed a multiple choice reaction test based on a language-independent everyday ability - counting. The model was Reitan's Trail Making Test (TMT) from 1956. The numbers are randomly distributed on a sheet of paper and must be linked by the test person as quickly as possible. In the number connection test, the arrangement of the numbers is systematic and the next higher number is to be found in the immediate vicinity of the previous number, which enables the individual multiple choice actions to be quantified in bits and thus the construction of parallel versions. The connection between multiple choice reaction speed and intelligence has been proven in various studies. The measurement of multiple choice reaction times requires neither a linguistic ability nor a task structure adapted to the age.

Areas of application

The test has a wide range of application: In the basic version with standard values ​​for children, adolescents and adults from 7 to 80 years from all educational areas. The prerequisite for the implementation is the mastery of the number range up to 100 and the safe use of a pen. The test can be carried out as an individual or group test and, due to its processing time of around 4 minutes in the group test variant or around 10 minutes in the individual test variant and its application as a paper-pencil test, is to be regarded as very economical .

The ZVT is used in clinical neuropsychology for diagnosing organic brain diseases in order to document the extent of performance losses due to disease processes. In addition, it is used in school differential diagnostics , in developmental , differential and general as well as in applied psychology . It is also used in the context of traffic reports , in scientific and clinical research for checking interventions and documenting progress, in test validations and in personnel consultancies.

For older subjects (55 to 95 years) and questions from the geronto-psychological area, a separate version was designed in the form of the Number-Connection-Test-G (ZVT-G), which is part of the Nuremberg age inventory .

procedure

The examiner presents the patient with 4 matrices, each with 90 numbers arranged at random. The patient should connect the numbers in their numerical order in ascending order as quickly as possible, with the next number always in close proximity to the previous one. The test person has to work through four parallel versions one after the other, with the experimenter noting the time required in seconds and then calculating an average value. In the group test, the processing time is limited to 30 seconds (or 60 seconds for 7-9 year olds) per sheet and the number reached is noted. From the age classes, school forms, clinical diagnoses and ICD-test variants separate standard value tables can IQ values, percentile ranks , centile, z and T-values and default values are taken.

Quality criteria

The standard values ​​of the new edition 2016 were generated from a data pool of 24971 data sets. Implementation and evaluation objectivity are given. Values ​​from r = .81 to .97 were calculated for the test reliability . Extensive information is available on the validity : the test correlates systematically with traditional intelligence tests medium to high, with school grades and school performance tests rather low, with concentration tests low to medium, with evoked potentials and with other activation parameters. In twin examinations, the ZVT proved to be less dependent on the environment and more genetically anchored than traditional intelligence tests. In neuropsychological studies, the ZVT has proven to be a sensitive instrument for brain disorders and their treatment, as well as for depression and schizophrenia .

literature

  • WD Oswald, E. Roth: The number connection test (ZVT). A speech-free intelligence test to measure “cognitive performance speed”. Manual instruction. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1987, DNB 930013980 .
  • WD Oswald: Number connection test ZVT. 3rd, revised and newly standardized edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2016, OCLC 947953323 .
  • WD Oswald, UM Fleischmann: The Nuremberg Age Inventory . (NAI). Test inventory, NAI test manual and text volume. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1999.
  • AM Plohmann: Numbers Connection Test (ZVT) . Test review. In: D. Schellig, R. Drechsler, D. Heinemann, W. Sturm (eds.): Handbook of neuropsychological test procedures. Attention, memory and executive functions. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8017-1857-2 , pp. 73-83.
  • PA Vernon: The Numbers Connection Test and other Trail-Making correlates of general intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 14, No. 1, 1993, pp. 35-40. ISSN  0191-8869
  • A. Büttner, R. Alnabary, KH Rühle: Memory processes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and during CPAP therapy . In: Neurology. Volume 26, No. 11, 2007, pp. 1018-1028. ISSN  0722-1541
  • MS Angst, NG Philips, DR Drover, M. Tingle, JL Galinkin, U. Christians, GE Swan, LC Lazzeroni, JD Clark: Opioid Pharmacogenomics Using a Twin Study Paradigm. Methods and Procedure for Determining Familial Aggregation and Heritability. In: Twin Research and Human Genetics. Volume 13, No. 5, 2010, pp. 412-425. ISSN  1832-4274
  • GP Amminger, M. Schäfer, K. Papageorgiou, C. Klier, M. Schlöglhofer, N. Mossaheb, S. Werneck-Rohrer, B. Nelson, P. McGorry: Emotion Recognition in Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Schizophrenia. In: Schizophrenia Bulletin. Volume 38, No. 5, 2012, pp. 1030-1039. ISSN  0586-7614

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ K.-D. Hänsgen: Test review on the number connection test (ZVT). In: Journal for Differential and Diagnostic Psychology. Volume 9, No. 2, 1988, pp. 310-311.
  2. ↑ PA Vernon: The number-connection test and other trail-making correlates of general intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 14, No. 1, 1993, pp. 35-40.
  3. ↑ TH Rammsayer, J. Stahl: Identification of sensorimotor components accounting for individual variability in numbers connection test (ZVT) performance. In: Intelligence. Volume 35, 2007, pp. 623-630.
  4. ^ H. Rindermann, AC Neubauer: Processing speed, intelligence, creativity, and school performance. Testing of causal hypotheses using structural equation models. In: Intelligence. Volume 32, 2004, pp. 573-589.
  5. ^ H. Rindermann, AC Neubauer: Information processing speed and school success. Do basic measures of intelligence have predictive validity? In: Diagnostica. Volume 46, No. 1, 2000, pp. 8-17.
  6. ↑ L. Schmidt-Atzert, M. Bühner, P. Enders: Measuring concentration tests, concentration? An analysis of the components of concentration performance. Special print from: Diagnostica. Volume 52, No. 1, 2006, pp. 33-44.
  7. ^ V. De Pascalis, V. Varriale: Intelligence and Information Processing - A Mismatch Negativity Analysis Using a Passive Auditory Backward-Masking Task. In: Journal of Individual Differences. Volume 32, No. 2, 2012, pp. 101-108.
  8. ↑ GA Lienert, A. Gebert, I. Haimerl: Is twin research still up to date? In: W. Michaelis (Ed.): Report on the 32nd Congress of the German Society for Psychology in Zurich 1980. Göttingen 1981, pp. 488–489.
  9. ↑ H. Hildebrandt, A. Haldenwanger, P. Eling: False recognition Helps to Distinguish Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Amnestic MCI from Patients with Other Kinds of Dementia. In: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. Volume 28, 2009, pp. 159-167.
  10. ↑ M. Majer, M. Ising, H. Künzel, EB Binder, F. Holsboer, S. Modell, J. Zihl: Impaired divided attention predicts delayed response and risk to relapse in subjects with depressive disorders. In: Psychological Medicine. Volume 34, 2004, pp. 1453-1463.
  11. ↑ T. Wobrock, U. Ecker, H. Scherk, T. Schneider-Axmann, P. Falkai, O. Gruber: Cognitive impairment of executive function as a core symptom of schizophrenia. In: The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. Volume 29, 2008, pp. 1-10.