Electric rays

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Electric rays
Black-spotted torpedo ray (Torpedo fuscomaculata)

Black- spotted torpedo ray ( Torpedo fuscomaculata )

Systematics
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Class : Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)
Subclass : Euselachii
Subclass : Plate gill (Elasmobranchii)
without rank: Stingray (batoidea)
Order : Electric rays
Scientific name
Torpediniformes
de Buen , 1926

The jitter-like Roche (Torpediniformes) are rays that have strong on both sides of its front body, kidney-shaped electric organs. They are made up of vertical, hexagonal columns that have developed from muscles. Electric shocks are used in light doses for orientation, strong blows to stun the prey or for defense. The electrical organs that the real rays (Rajidae) have on either side of the tail are missing.

The head and trunk together with the pectoral fins form a disc-shaped disc. Their skin is completely bare, soft, loose and rich in glands. The eyes are small, some species are even blind. The caudal fin is well developed. There is no poison sting. The fish can have two, one, or no dorsal fins .

Electric rays are viviparous ; the fry hatch from the egg in the womb and are nourished by the yolk sac and a secretion called uterine milk.

Systematics

Traditionally four families, 13 genera and around 65 species are assigned to the electric ray species.

The division of the electric ray species into four families is morphologically well founded, but molecular biological data show that they consist of six lineages (see the cladogram below). These are the electric rays (Torpedinidae) and the pear electric rays (Hypnidae), two of the traditional families, a basic third, consisting of the genera Benthobatis , Discopyge and Typhlonarke , the genus Narcinops as the fourth, the genera Narke and Temera as the fifth and the Genera Diplobatis and Narcine as sixth. The position of the genera Electrolux and Heteronarce (Narkidae) has not yet been determined by molecular biological data.

  Electric rays  





 Narke and Temera (Narkidae)


   

 Diplobatis and Narcine (Narcinidae)



   

 Pear Electric Ray (Hypnidae)


   

 Electric ray (Torpedinidae)




   

 Narcinops (Narcinidae)



   


 Benthobatis (Narcinidae)


   

 Typhlonarke (Narkidae)



   

 Discopyge (Narcinidae)




   

 Thornback guitar rays (Platyrhinidae)



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The sister group and closest relatives of the electric rays are the thorn-back guitar rays (Platyrhinidae), which have therefore recently been placed in the order of the electric rays as the fifth family at Fishbase and in the Catalog of Fishes.

literature

  • Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World , John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
  • Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish , Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 .
  • Compagno, LJV & PR LAST (1999): Order Torpediniformes. Narkidae. Sleeper rays . In Carpenter, KE & VH Niem (eds): FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific . Rome, FAO, 3: 1443-1446. PDF
  • Hans A. Baensch / Robert A. Patzner: Mergus Sea Water Atlas Volume 6 Non-Perciformes (Non-Perciformes) , Mergus-Verlag, Melle, ISBN 3-88244-116-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Last, PR, White, WT, Carvalho, MR, Séret, B., Stehmann, M. & Naylor, GJP Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-643-10913-1 , pages 10-15.
  2. ↑ Neil C. Aschliman, Mutsumi Nishida, Masaki Miya, Jun G. Inoue, Kerri M. Rosana, Gavin JP Naylord: Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 63, No. 1, April 2012, pp. 28-42. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.12.012 .
  3. ↑ Gaitán-Espitia, JD, Solano-Iguaran, JJ, Tejada-Martinez, D: & Quintero-Galvis, JF (2016): Mitogenomics of electric rays: evolutionary considerations within Torpediniformes (Batoidea; Chondrichthyes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, April 2016. doi: 10.1111 / zoj.12417
  4. ↑ Gavin JP Naylor, Janine N. Caira, Kirsten Jensen, Kerri AM Rosana, Nicolas Straube, Clemens Lakner: Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. Page 43 in Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, Michael R. Heithaus: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Marine Biology). Publisher: Crc Pr Inc, 2012, ISBN 1-4398-3924-7 .
  5. ↑ Order Summary for Torpediniformes on Fishbase.org (English)

Web links

Commons : Torpediniformes  - collection of images, videos and audio files