State passive

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

In German grammar , the state passive describes a construction that in most cases expresses a state as the result of a process. The state passive stands in a formal and meaningful contrast to the process passive . The passive state of a verb is formed with the help of the copula "sein" and the form of the past participle derived from the verb , e.g. B. "the door is open" .

classification

On the one hand, the state passive is classified as a special form of the passive; on the other hand, it is a construction that is independent of the process passive and cannot be derived . It is an intermediate stage between process passive and copula sentences , which are characterized by an adjectival predicate noun , which in turn forms the perfect present with become . - example:

  • He is (ill become ).

From a formal point of view, the state passive resembles the forms of the pre-present (perfect) Active: The pear has ripened. , but the pear is ripening. Glinz introduced the state passive in 1952 as an independent form alongside the process passive. Leiss evaluates the classification "passive state" as an unnecessary generalization and suggests a homogeneous analysis of all constructions with conjugated sein and past participle as the resultative :

  • “She has arrived. "(Traditionally: being -perfect; state present: active resultative )
  • “The demonstration is open. "(Traditional: being- passive; state passive : passive resultative )

The first example is then to be analyzed as a state present (“She is an arrived person”), as an active resultative , the second as a passive resultative . Resultative is not defined here as a tense form , but as an aspect- passive transition category. The formation is possible with terminative and perfect verbs.

The division into static, procedural and agentive verbs is semantic , with procedural and agentive verbs being summarized as dynamic . That is why it is often treated as an action type . But since such a classification is fundamentally different, one speaks of (Vendler's) types of action and, in the case of the types of action known from Slavic grammar writing, of (Slavonic) types of action.

Use and Education

Intransitive and transitive verbs, which indicate the duration of the action, do not form a tripod. Only verbs that indicate the result of the action are tripods. In contrast to the process passive, the tripod does not express any action:

  • Process passive: The window is opened. The letter will be written. It represents an event or an act of a process and describes its change.
  • State passive: The window is open. The letter is written. Here the event, the action or the process is finished, it is finished, therefore also called “being-passive”.

The tripod is made up of tenses of the auxiliary verb “sein” and the past participle (or participle II ) of a transitive verb. The tripod has the same tenses as the passive, but only present, past and future tense I are used quite often by all language participants:

  • Present tense: the carpet is rolled up.
  • Past tense: The carpet was rolled up.
  • Future tense I: The carpet will be rolled up .
  • Perfect: The carpet is rolled been .
  • Past perfect: the carpet was rolled up .
  • Future Perfect: The carpet is rolled together have been .

However, the perfect tense is used (instead of or in addition to the past tense) in many idiolects (i.e., by many people). The past perfect is sometimes z. B. used in carefully written reports about an action or a situation in the past, although it is perceived as pedantic or unnecessary and although the past tense is also more common here (although in the corresponding sentence the past tense in the passive voice would be less common than the past perfect and in the active the past tense would be perceived as wrong). The following sentences all have the same meaning:

  • Past tense tripod: The carpet was already rolled up when the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise there would be no footprints in the middle.
  • Past perfect tripod: the carpet had already been rolled up when the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise no footprints would be seen in the middle.
  • Past tense passive, possible (but often incorrectly referred to as ungrammatic): The carpet was rolled up before the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise no footprints would be seen in the middle.
  • Past perfect passive: The carpet had already been rolled up before the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise there would be no footprints in the middle.
  • Past tense (or perfect tense) active, not possible: * Someone rolled up the carpet before the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise no footprints would be seen in the middle. (* Someone rolled up the carpet before the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise there would be no footprints in the middle. )
  • Past perfect active: Someone had already rolled up the carpet before the perpetrator entered the room, otherwise there would be no footprints in the middle.

See also

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: state passive  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Claudia Maienborn: The state liabilities. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012 ; Retrieved November 20, 2013 . (PDF; 226 kB)
  2. ↑ Norbert Bensch, Michael Stetter: My German book. 2007, deutschbuch.de