Peccary and Music of Bermuda: Difference between pages
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{{Taxobox |
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[[Bermuda]] is an Atlantic island and an overseas territory of the [[United Kingdom]], often treated as part of the [[Caribbean music]] [[music area|area]]. Its musical output includes pop singer [[Heather Nova]] while [[Collie Buddz]] has also gained international success with reggae hits in the US, UK, and Canada. |
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| name = Peccaries |
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| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Eocene|Recent}} |
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| image = Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = [[Collared Peccary]], ''Tayassu tajacu'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] |
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| familia = '''Tayassuidae''' |
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| familia_authority = [[Theodore Sherman Palmer|Palmer]], 1897 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = |
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''[[Tayassu]]''<br> |
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*''[[White-lipped Peccary|Tayassu pecari]]'' |
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''[[Catagonus]]<br> |
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*''[[Chacoan peccary|Catagonus wagneri]]'' |
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''[[Pecari]]<br> |
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*''[[Collared Peccary|Pecari tajacu]]'' |
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*''[[Giant Peccary|Pecari maximus]]'' |
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}} |
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'''Peccaries''' (also known as '''javelinas''', by the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name '''javali''' and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] '''jabalí''' or '''pecarí''') are medium-sized [[mammal]]s of the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Tayassuidae'''. Peccaries are members of the [[artiodactyl]] [[suborder]] [[Suina]], as are swine ([[Suidae]]) and hippopotami ([[Hippopotamidae]]). They are found in the southwestern area of [[North America]] and throughout [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Peccaries usually measure between 90 and 130 cm in length (3 to 4 feet), and a full-grown adult usually weighs between about 20 and 40 kilograms (44 to 88 pounds). |
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The island's musical traditions also include [[steelpan]], [[calypso music|calypso]], [[choir|choral music]], as well as an array of [[bagpipe]] music played by descendants of Irish and Scottish settlers; the biggest bagpipe band on modern Bermuda is the [[Bermuda Islands Pipe Band]]. Bermuda is also the home of one of the most popular Caribbean music groups in the United States, the [[Bermuda Strollers]].<ref name="Online">[http://www.bermuda-online.org/beautifulbda.htm Bermuda Online]</ref> |
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People often confuse peccaries, which are found in the [[Americas]], with [[pigs]] which originated in [[Afro-Eurasia]], especially since some domestic pigs brought by European settlers have escaped over the years and now run wild as ''[[razorback]] hogs'' in many parts of the [[United States]]. |
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The islands are also home to [[gombay]] dancers, [[reggae]], [[gospel music]], [[drum majorette]] bands, [[jazz]] and other styles. |
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==Characteristics== |
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Peccaries are medium-sized animals, with a strong superficial resemblance to [[Suidae|pigs]]. Like pigs, they have a [[snout]] ending in a [[cartilage|cartilagenous]] disc, and eyes that are small relative to their head. Also like pigs, they use only the middle two digits for walking, although, unlike pigs, the other toes may be altogether absent. Their [[stomach]] is non-[[ruminant|ruminating]], although it has three chambers, and is more complex than that of pigs.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Castellanos, Hernan|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 504-505|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> |
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== Folk music == |
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Peccaries are [[omnivores]], and will eat small animals, although their preferred food consists of [[roots]], [[grass]], [[seeds]], and [[fruit]]. One of the ways to tell apart [[pigs]] and peccaries is the shape of the canine tooth, or [[tusk]]. In European pigs the tusk is long and curves around on itself, whereas in peccaries, the tusk is short and straight. The jaws and tusks of peccaries are adapted for crushing hard seeds and slicing into plant roots<ref name=EoM/>, and they also use their tusks for defense. The [[dentition|dental formula]] for peccaries is: {{dentition2|2.1.3.3|3.1.3.3}} |
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Bermuda is home to several folk traditions, including pipe bands, the ''gombey'' dance and a ballad song. |
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By rubbing the tusks together they can make a chattering noise that warns potential [[predators]] not to get too close. Peccaries, indeed, are aggressive enough in temperament that, unlike [[Eurasian]] pigs, they cannot be [[domestication|domesticated]] as they are likely to injure humans. Indeed in recent years in North-western [[Bolivia]] near [[Madidi|Madidi National Park]] there have been reports of people being seriously injured and killed by large groups of peccaries. <ref>http://www.sartorestock.com/adventure/madidi.php</ref> |
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=== Gombey === |
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Peccaries are [[social animals]], and often form [[herds]]. Over 100 individuals have been recorded for a single herd of white-lipped peccaries, but collared and Chacoan peccaries usually form smaller groups. Such social behavior seems to have been the situation in [[extinct]] peccaries as well. |
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The ''gombey'' dance is an iconic symbol of Bermudan culture. It mixes elements of British, West African and indigenous New World cultures. Dancers are usually male, and perform in groups of 10-30<ref name="Roots">[http://www.melanet.com/johnkankus/roots.html Roots of an African American Christmas]</ref> in wild masquerade costumes with brilliant colors and odd angles, meant to evoke the plumage of tropical birds; they are sometimes based on Bible verses. ''Gombey'' dances are taught orally, through family members. The dances are energetic, and grow swifter gradually, while the spectators become more wild and energetic. The ''gombey'' tradition is at its liveliest during the Christmas season, and is also performed during [[Boxing Day]], [[Easter]], [[New Year's Day]], [[Association football|football]] and [[cricket]] matches and other festivals and celebrations.<ref name="Frommers">[http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html Frommers]</ref> |
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Peccaries, with the exception of ''Pecari maximus'', have [[scent glands]] below each eye and another on their back. They use the scent to mark herd territories, which range from 75 to 700 [[acres]]. They also mark other herd members with these scent glands by rubbing one against another. The pungent odor allows peccaries to recognize other members of the herd, despite their [[myopic]] vision. |
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The word ''gombey'' is related to the Bahamian ''[[goombay]]'', a similar dance tradition. It also refers to a specific drum of African origin, and may be related to a Bantu word for ''[[rhythm]]''. In addition to the Bahamian ''goombay'' tradition, ''gombey'' is similar to some other Afro-Caribbean styles and celebrations (such as the [[Mummers]]). Afro-Caribbeans brought to Bermuda as slaves or convicts during colonial times introduced other Caribbean traditions. The modern Bermudan ''gombey'' is distinguished by the use of the [[snare drum]] (generally in pairs), derived from the British use of the instrument.<ref name="Frommers"/> In addition, a [[kettle drum]], a [[fife]] are integral parts of ''gombey'' accompaniment.<ref name="Roots"/> |
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==Species== |
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[[Image:Collared Peccary444.jpg|thumb|[[Collared Peccary]]]] |
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Today there are four living [[species]] of peccary, found from the [[southwestern United States]] through [[Central America]] and into [[South America]] and [[Trinidad]]. |
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=== Ballad === |
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The [[Collared Peccary]] (''Pecari tajacu'') occurs from the southwestern United States into South America and the island of Trinidad. They are found in all kinds of habitats, from dry arid [[scrublands]] to humid tropical [[rainforests]]. They are sometimes called the "musk hog" because of their strong odor. In some areas of the southwestern United States they have become habituated to human beings and live in relative harmony with them in such areas as the [[suburbs]] of cities where there are still areas of [[brush]] and [[undergrowth]] to move through. They are generally found in squadrons of eight to 15 animals of various ages. They will defend themselves if they feel threatened but otherwise tend to ignore human beings. They defend themselves with their long [[tusks]], which sharpen themselves whenever the mouth opens or closes. |
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Bermuda's ballad tradition has declined in the 20th and 21st century, though it remains popular among a devoted subculture on the island. The Bermudan ballad is characterized by "wry, self-deprecating humor", often improvised, and concerned with the rapid change of Bermudan culture.<ref name="Frommers"/> |
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Throughout the states of [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Texas]], collared peccaries are known as '''javelinas'''. They are often seen around people's houses, with herds of them sometimes seen walking across driveways or porches. In some neighborhoods, they even live in backyards.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} <!-- how do you cite common knowledge? everything in this paragraph is true; it is common knowledge to anyone who lives in the Tucson AZ area. ???? --> |
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The most famous Bermudan balladeer is [[Hubert Smith]], a popular local composer who performed for many visiting royalty and foreign heads of state. He is also the composer of "[[Bermuda Is Another World]]", an unofficial anthem for the island.<ref name="Frommers"/> |
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A second species is the [[White-lipped peccary]] (''Tayassu pecari''), which is found in the rainforests of Central and South America. |
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=== Bagpipe music === |
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The third species, the [[Chacoan peccary]] (''Catagonus wagneri''), is the closest living relative to the extinct ''[[Platygonus]] pearcei''. It is found in the dry [[shrub]] habitat or [[Chaco]] of [[Paraguay]], [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]] and Southern [[Brazil]]. The Chacoan peccary has the unusual distinction of having been first described based on [[fossils]] and was originally thought to be only an extinct species. In [[1975]] the animal was discovered to still be alive and well in the [[Chaco]] region of [[Paraguay]]. The species was well known to the native people. |
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Bermuda has a strong Scottish and Irish cultural presence, and is home to well-known [[bagpipe]] bands that draw on those traditions, especially the [[Bermuda Islands Pipe Band]]. The bagpipe tradition was brought to Bermuda by Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th to the 20th centuries.<ref name="Online"/> |
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A fourth species, the [[Giant Peccary]] (''Pecari maximus'') was recently discovered in the [[Brazil|Brazillian]] [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[biologist]] [[Marc van Roosmalen]]. Though recently discovered by science it has been known to the local [[Tupi]] people as Caitetu Munde, which means "great peccary which lives in pairs." <ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/livescience/20071102/sc_livescience/bigpiglikebeastdiscovered</ref> <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/nov/05/conservation.sciencenews The Guardian (5/11/2007): "Giant wild pig found in Brazil"]</ref> It is thought to be the largest extant peccary, and can grow to 1.2 meters in length. Its [[fur]] is completely dark gray, with no collars whatsoever. Unlike other peccaries it lives in pairs, or with one or two offspring. |
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There were, until relatively recently, two major bagpipe bands in Bermuda, the [[Bermuda Cadets Pipe Band]] and the [[Bermuda Police Pipe Band]]. Both bands formed in 1955 and disbanded in 1992, the same year the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band was formed. Other historically important bagpipe bands include the [[Salvation Army Young People's Band]], which dates back to the 1930s.<ref name="Online"/> |
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==Evolution== |
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Peccaries first appeared in the [[fossil]] records of the Late [[Eocene]] or Early [[Oligocene]] periods in [[Europe]]. Fossils have later been found in all continents except [[Australia]] and [[Antarctica]]. It became extinct in the [[Old World]] sometime after the [[Miocene]] period. |
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== Choirs == |
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Although they are common in South America today, peccaries did not reach that continent until about three million years ago during the [[Great American Interchange]], when the [[Isthmus of Panama]] formed, connecting North America and South America. At that time, many North American animals — including peccaries, [[llamas]] and [[tapirs]] — entered South America, while some South American species, such as the [[ground sloths]], migrated north.<sup>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020805090520/http://www.nps.gov/hafo/platygon.htm]</sup> |
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Religious choir singing is also popular on Bermuda. Well-known choirs include the [[Roman Catholic Diocesan Choir]], as well as the non-church choirs [[Philharmonic Choir]] and [[Post Office Choir]].<ref name="Online"/> |
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==Gallery== |
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== Calypso == |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Collared Peccary.jpg|Collared Peccary at the [[Henry Doorly Zoo]] |
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Image:Tayassu_tajacu.jpg|Collared Peccary in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica |
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Image:Javelina.jpg |Javelina in Tucson, Arizona |
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Image:Collared peccary - melbourne zoo.jpg|Peccary digging for food |
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Image:Javelinas_for_wikipedia.jpg|Two javelinas at a suburban home in Tucson, Arizona |
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Image:Pekari's.JPG|Peccary in [[Burgers Zoo]] in [[Arnhem]], [[The Netherlands]] |
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</gallery> |
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Calypso first became a part of Bermuda music in the 1940s and 50s. It was imported from Trinidad and Tobago. The [[Talbot Brothers]] were the island's first major [[calypsonian]]s; they organized as a group in 1942, and began touring the United States by the early 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calypsoworld.org/noflash/cla-4-2.htm|work=Calypso World|title=Bermuda|accessmonthday=June 23 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Norman Luboff]] followed in the footsteps of [[Jamaica]]n-[[United States|American]] [[calypso music|calypso]] singer [[Harry Belafonte]] in popularizing [[Trinidad]]ian calypso. Luboff de-emphasized the saucy, ribald side of calypso and created a popular form that appealed to the masses. His signature song is "Yellow Bird".<ref name="Online"/> |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Tayassuidae}} |
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*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Catagonus_wagneri/ images and movies of the Chacoan peccary ''(Catagonus wagneri)''] |
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*[http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_javelina.shtml Arizona Game and Fish: Living With Javelina] |
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*The Collared Peccary [http://www.desertusa.com/magnov97/nov_pap/du_collpecc.html The Collared Peccary] |
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*The Giant Peccary [http://www.marcvanroosmalen.org/giantpeccary.htm] |
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<references /> |
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== Steelpan == |
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{{Artiodactyla|S.}} |
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[[Steelpan music]] was invented in the late 1930s [[Trinidad]], and was brought to Bermuda by a number of groups, including the [[Esso Steel Band]], who moved to Bermuda in the 1950s. Esso became known for arranging [[Western classical music]] for the steelpan. In the 1960s, local choral traditions were merged with calypso and steelpan to create a distinctively Bermudian style.<ref name="Online"/> |
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[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of the Southwestern United States]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert]] |
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== Music institutions == |
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[[gn:Tajykatĩ]] |
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[[ca:Pècari]] |
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Bermuda is home to the [[Bermuda Ballet Association]], which was founded by [[Patricia Gray]] in 1962, with support from [[Ana Roje]]. Other music institutions include the [[Bermuda National Youth Jazz Ensemble]] and the [[Bermuda Philharmonic Orchestra]]. There is also a [[Bermuda Folk Club]].<ref name="Online"/> There is a [[Portuguese Cultural Association]] which promotes the culture of the large Portuguese population on Bermuda, especially tradition folk dances of the [[Azores]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bermuda-online.org/traditions.htm|title=Bermuda Traditions and their sources|work=Bermuda Online|accessmonthday=June 23 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> |
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[[cs:Pekariovití]] |
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[[de:Nabelschweine]] |
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The Bermuda Philharmonic [[Conducting|conductor]] is [[Gary Burgess]], a former opera singer. Bermuda has also produced notable classical musicians in [[Marcelle Clamens]], an opera singer, [[mezzo-soprano]] [[Jane Farge]], pianists [[Peter Carpenter]] and [[Karol Sue Reddington]], and [[Joyce Mary Helen DeShield]].<ref name="Online"/> |
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[[es:Tayassuidae]] |
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[[fr:Tayassuidae]] |
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== References == |
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[[io:Pekario]] |
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[[it:Tayassuidae]] |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.bermuda-online.org/beautifulbda.htm|title=Bermuda's Music and Dance|work=Bermuda Online|accessmonthday=May 27 |accessyear=2006}} |
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[[he:פקאריים]] |
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*{{cite web|work=Frommers|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/0091020358.html|accessmonthday=June 24 |accessyear=2006|title=Bermuda: In Depth: Music}} |
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[[lt:Pekariniai]] |
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[[hu:Pekarifélék]] |
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== Further reading == |
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[[nah:Coyametl]] |
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[[nl:Pekari's]] |
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*{{cite book|title=The Bermuda Gombey: Bermuda's Unique Dance Heritage|author=Louise A. Jackson}} |
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[[ja:ペッカリー]] |
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*{{cite book|title=Bermuda: Traditions and Tastes|author=Judith Watson}} |
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[[no:Navlesvin]] |
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[[pl:Pekari]] |
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== Notes == |
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[[pt:Tayassuidae]] |
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[[qu:Wankana]] |
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<references/> |
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[[ru:Пекариевые]] |
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[[sv:Navelsvin]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bermuda}} |
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[[tr:Pekari]] |
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[[Category:Music of British Overseas Territories]] |
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[[zh:西猯科]] |
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[[Category:Caribbean music]] |
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Revision as of 16:28, 12 October 2008
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Bermuda is an Atlantic island and an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, often treated as part of the Caribbean music area. Its musical output includes pop singer Heather Nova while Collie Buddz has also gained international success with reggae hits in the US, UK, and Canada.
The island's musical traditions also include steelpan, calypso, choral music, as well as an array of bagpipe music played by descendants of Irish and Scottish settlers; the biggest bagpipe band on modern Bermuda is the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band. Bermuda is also the home of one of the most popular Caribbean music groups in the United States, the Bermuda Strollers.[1]
The islands are also home to gombay dancers, reggae, gospel music, drum majorette bands, jazz and other styles.
Folk music
Bermuda is home to several folk traditions, including pipe bands, the gombey dance and a ballad song.
Gombey
The gombey dance is an iconic symbol of Bermudan culture. It mixes elements of British, West African and indigenous New World cultures. Dancers are usually male, and perform in groups of 10-30[2] in wild masquerade costumes with brilliant colors and odd angles, meant to evoke the plumage of tropical birds; they are sometimes based on Bible verses. Gombey dances are taught orally, through family members. The dances are energetic, and grow swifter gradually, while the spectators become more wild and energetic. The gombey tradition is at its liveliest during the Christmas season, and is also performed during Boxing Day, Easter, New Year's Day, football and cricket matches and other festivals and celebrations.[3]
The word gombey is related to the Bahamian goombay, a similar dance tradition. It also refers to a specific drum of African origin, and may be related to a Bantu word for rhythm. In addition to the Bahamian goombay tradition, gombey is similar to some other Afro-Caribbean styles and celebrations (such as the Mummers). Afro-Caribbeans brought to Bermuda as slaves or convicts during colonial times introduced other Caribbean traditions. The modern Bermudan gombey is distinguished by the use of the snare drum (generally in pairs), derived from the British use of the instrument.[3] In addition, a kettle drum, a fife are integral parts of gombey accompaniment.[2]
Ballad
Bermuda's ballad tradition has declined in the 20th and 21st century, though it remains popular among a devoted subculture on the island. The Bermudan ballad is characterized by "wry, self-deprecating humor", often improvised, and concerned with the rapid change of Bermudan culture.[3]
The most famous Bermudan balladeer is Hubert Smith, a popular local composer who performed for many visiting royalty and foreign heads of state. He is also the composer of "Bermuda Is Another World", an unofficial anthem for the island.[3]
Bagpipe music
Bermuda has a strong Scottish and Irish cultural presence, and is home to well-known bagpipe bands that draw on those traditions, especially the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band. The bagpipe tradition was brought to Bermuda by Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th to the 20th centuries.[1]
There were, until relatively recently, two major bagpipe bands in Bermuda, the Bermuda Cadets Pipe Band and the Bermuda Police Pipe Band. Both bands formed in 1955 and disbanded in 1992, the same year the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band was formed. Other historically important bagpipe bands include the Salvation Army Young People's Band, which dates back to the 1930s.[1]
Choirs
Religious choir singing is also popular on Bermuda. Well-known choirs include the Roman Catholic Diocesan Choir, as well as the non-church choirs Philharmonic Choir and Post Office Choir.[1]
Calypso
Calypso first became a part of Bermuda music in the 1940s and 50s. It was imported from Trinidad and Tobago. The Talbot Brothers were the island's first major calypsonians; they organized as a group in 1942, and began touring the United States by the early 1950s.[4]
Norman Luboff followed in the footsteps of Jamaican-American calypso singer Harry Belafonte in popularizing Trinidadian calypso. Luboff de-emphasized the saucy, ribald side of calypso and created a popular form that appealed to the masses. His signature song is "Yellow Bird".[1]
Steelpan
Steelpan music was invented in the late 1930s Trinidad, and was brought to Bermuda by a number of groups, including the Esso Steel Band, who moved to Bermuda in the 1950s. Esso became known for arranging Western classical music for the steelpan. In the 1960s, local choral traditions were merged with calypso and steelpan to create a distinctively Bermudian style.[1]
Music institutions
Bermuda is home to the Bermuda Ballet Association, which was founded by Patricia Gray in 1962, with support from Ana Roje. Other music institutions include the Bermuda National Youth Jazz Ensemble and the Bermuda Philharmonic Orchestra. There is also a Bermuda Folk Club.[1] There is a Portuguese Cultural Association which promotes the culture of the large Portuguese population on Bermuda, especially tradition folk dances of the Azores.[5]
The Bermuda Philharmonic conductor is Gary Burgess, a former opera singer. Bermuda has also produced notable classical musicians in Marcelle Clamens, an opera singer, mezzo-soprano Jane Farge, pianists Peter Carpenter and Karol Sue Reddington, and Joyce Mary Helen DeShield.[1]
References
- "Bermuda's Music and Dance". Bermuda Online.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - "Bermuda: In Depth: Music". Frommers.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)
Further reading
- Louise A. Jackson. The Bermuda Gombey: Bermuda's Unique Dance Heritage.
- Judith Watson. Bermuda: Traditions and Tastes.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bermuda Online
- ^ a b Roots of an African American Christmas
- ^ a b c d Frommers
- ^ "Bermuda". Calypso World.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ "Bermuda Traditions and their sources". Bermuda Online.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)