Talk:Ancient Rome and Bulimia nervosa: Difference between pages
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| Name = Bulimia nervosa |
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| DiseasesDB = 1770 |
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|action1date=15 November 2006 |
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| ICD10 = F50.2 |
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'''Bulimia nervosa''' is an [[eating disorder]] characterized by recurrent [[binge eating]], followed by compensatory behaviors, referred to as "purging".<ref name="dsm">{{cite book|title = [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] DSM-IV-TR|year = 1994|edition = 4th|publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]]|isbn = 0890420629}}</ref> The most common form—practiced more than 75% of people with bulimia nervosa—is [[defensive vomiting|self-induced vomiting]]; [[fasting]], the use of [[laxative]]s, [[enema]]s, [[diuretic]]s, and overexercising are also common.<ref>{{citation|title = Overcoming Binge Eating|first1 = Christopher|last1 = Fairburn|publisher = Guilford|year = 1995|isbn = 0898621798}}</ref> |
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==2007 comment== |
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The opening paragraph of the article staes that Rome began in the 9th century BC and ended in the 5th century AD; it then says that Rome was around for ~1200 years. The rough number should be around 1400 years based upon the 9th BC to 5th AD. |
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[[User:Lauriemayer|Lauriemayer]] 14:13, 24 July 2007 (UTC) |
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{{archive box|[[/Archive 1]]}} |
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---- |
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The word ''bulimia'' derives from the Latin (''būlīmia'') from the Greek ''βουλῑμια'' (boulīmia; ravenous hunger), a compound of ''βους'' (bous), ox + ''λῑμος'' (līmos), hunger.<ref>{{cite web|title = Online Etymology Dictionary: bulimia|date = November 2001|accessdate = 2008-04-06|author = Douglas Harper|work = [[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bulimia&searchmode=none}}</ref> |
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==Website== |
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I found a cool website on ancient rome and decided to add it here as adding it to the article would be unencyclopediodic. address is [http://www.redrampant.com/ http://www.redrampant.com/]Is there any otheer websites besides this one? Iam a great fan of the ancient romans. Skuld88/ Jan 28/ 2008 |
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== |
== Diagnosis == |
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According to the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-IV TR) published by the [[American Psychological Association]], the criteria for diagnosing a patient with bulimia are: |
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* Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: |
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While perusing the article, I noticed a fairly informative section on the Circus Maximus in the "Culture: Games and Activities" section. Imagine my horror as I scroll down to the "Great Roman Buildings" section only to find the exact same information worded in a different manner! I understand neither section can be completely removed while retaining the relativity of each topic. I would suggest a smaller reference to the Circus Maximus in the "Games and Activities" section, and leave the mass explanation for later. Thanks. -ExNoctem 22:00, 2 February 2007 (UTC) |
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** Eating, in a fixed period of time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat under similar circumstances. |
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** A lack of control over eating during the episode: a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating. |
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* Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as: self-induced vomiting; misuse of [[laxatives]], diuretics, or other medications; fasting; excessive exercise. |
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* Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. |
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* These symptoms occur at least twice a week on average and persist for at least 3 months. |
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* The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of [[Anorexia Nervosa]].<ref name="durand">{{citation|title = Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach|isbn = 0534633625|first1 = David H|last1 = Barlow|first2 = V Mark|last2 = Durand|date = July 2004|publisher = [[Thomson Corporation|Thomson Wadsworth]]}}</ref> |
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There are two sub-types of Bulimia Nervosa: purging and non-purging. |
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: I think the detail on subjects like the Circus Maximus and other buildings is inappropriate for this article. I'd like to see them replaced with links to the appropriate article elsewhere. Other opinions? [[User:Mlouns|Mlouns]] 22:16, 2 February 2007 (UTC) |
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* '''Purging Type''': the patient uses self-induced [[vomiting]] (which may include use of [[emetic]]s such as [[syrup of ipecac]]) and other ways to rapidly remove food from the body before it can be digested, such as [[laxatives]], [[diuretics]], and [[enemas]]. |
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::good idea[[User:Wardhog|Wardhog]] 19:10, 15 June 2007 (UTC) |
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* '''Non-purging Type''': occurring in approximately 6%-8% of cases, in which the patient uses excessive exercise or fasting after a binge to offset the caloric intake after eating. Purging-type bulimics may also exercise or fast, but as a secondary form of weight control.<ref name="durand" /> |
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:::It's how it should be done but unfortunately this article is group edited and the group seems to want to go against much of Wiki policy on large articles. Personally I believe that "Ancient Rome" should be a block of articles all linked together to be as comprehensive as possible. Seems everyone wants to try and include everything in one massively long article, difficult to manuever through. Oh well.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 19:32, 15 July 2008 (UTC) |
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The onset of Bulimia Nervosa is often during adolesence (between 13 and 20 years of age), with many sufferers relapsing in adulthood into episodic binging and purging even after initially successful treatment and remission.<ref>{{citation|last1 = Agras |first1 = W S|contribution = Disorders of eating: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder|editor-last = Shader|editor-first = R I|title = Manual of psychiatric therapeutics|publisher = [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]]|year = 2004|isbn = 0781744598}}</ref> |
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== Change in gross error == |
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Bulimia Nervosa can be difficult to detect, compared to Anorexia Nervosa , because bulimics tend to be of average or slightly above or below average weight. Many bulimics may also engage in significantly disordered eating and exercising patterns without meeting the full diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa.<ref>{{citation|title = Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders|last1 = Walsh|first1 = J M E|last2 = Wheat|first2 = M.E|last3 = Freund|first3 = K|journal = Journal of General Internal Medicine|volume = 15|number = 8|pages = 577–590|year = 2000|publisher = Springer|url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1495575|doi = 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.02439.x|pmid = 10940151}}</ref> |
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Forgive me for coming in and just editing but I could not help myself. The original file for the Temple of Iulius Caesar stated it was the temple of Sean Taylor; and the text goes on to talk about Taylor. This must be an act of vandalism or someone's joke, in either case I changed it to what is should read. |
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== Prevalence == |
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[[User:Neos Dionysos|Neos Dionysos]] 07:56, 23 November 2006 (UTC) Phil, 11/23/06 |
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The collection of data on the incidence of bulimia nervosa in the general population is limited. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students. These have yielded a wide range of results: between 0% and 2.1% of males, and between 0.3% and 7.3% of females.<ref name="makino">{{cite journal|title = Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries|last1 = Makino|first1 = M|last2 = Tsuboi|first2 = K|last3 = Dennerstein|first3 = L|journal = Medscape General Medicine|volume = 6|number = 3|year = 2004|url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1435625|pages = 49|pmid = 15520673}}</ref> A more recent study indicates that 10% of adolescent girls and 3% of adolescent boys binge eat and purge at least once weekly. <ref> AE Fields. Archives of Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine. 162:574-579,2008. </ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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you suck:One edit licked"bums" to "impress people" but I'm not sure either word should be used since we normally say emperor. — [[User:Donama|Donama]] 00:41, 21 June 2006 (UTC) |
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! Country |
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! Year |
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! Sample size and type |
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! colspan="2" | Incidence |
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|- |
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| [[USA]] || [[1996]] || 1152 college students || 0.2% male || 1.3% female<ref>{{citation|title = Prevalence and Correlates of Bulimia Nervosa and Bulimic Behaviors in a Racially Diverse Sample of Undergraduate Students in Two Universities in Southeast Texas|last1 = Pemberton|first1 = A R|last2 = Vernon|first2 = S W|last3 = Lee|first3 = E S|journal = American Journal of Epidemiology|volume = 144|number = 5|pages = 450–455|year = 2005|publisher = Oxford University Press|url = http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/144/5/450|pmid = 8781459}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[USA]] || [[1992]] || 799 college students || 0.4% male || 5.1% female<ref>{{citation|title = Body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms among college students, 1982 to 1992|last1 = Heatherton|first1 = T F|last2 = Nichols|first2 = P|last3 = Mahamedi|first3 = F|last4 = Keel|first4 = P|journal = American Journal of Psychiatry|volume = 152|number = 11|pages = 1623–9|year = 1995|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=7485625&cmd=showdetailview}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Norway]] || [[1995]] || 19067 psychiatric patients || 0.7% male || 7.3% female<ref>{{citation|title = An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norwegian psychiatric institutions|last1 = Götestam|first1 = K G|last2 = Eriksen|first2 = L|last3 = Hagen|first3 = H|journal = The International journal of eating disorders|volume = 18|number = 3|pages = 263–268|year = 1995|publisher = Wiley|url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3704897|doi = 10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<263::AID-EAT2260180308>3.0.CO;2-O}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Australia]] || [[1998]] || 4200 high school students || align="center" colspan="2" | 0.3% combined<ref>{{citation|title = The epidemiology of eating disorder behaviors: An Australian community-based survey, last1 = Hay, first1 = P, journal = International Journal of Eating Disorders, volume = 23, number = 4, pages = 371-382, year = 1998|url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/34755/ABSTRACT}}</ref> |
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|- |
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<!-- |
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| [[Australia]] || [[2008]] || 1943 adolescents (ages 15-17) || 1.4% male || 9.4% female<ref>{{citation|title = Prognosis of adolescent partial syndromes of eating disorder|last1 = Patton|first1 = G C|last2 = Coffey|first2 = C|last3 = Carlin|first3 = J B|last4 = Sanci|first4 = L|last5 = Sawyer|first5 = S|url = http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/192/4/294|journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume = 192|number = 4|pages = 294–299|year = 2008|publisher = [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]]|doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.031112|pmid = 18378993}}</ref> |
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|- |
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--> |
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| [[Canada]] || [[1995]] || 8116 (random sample) || 0.1% male || 1.1% female<ref>{{citation|last1 = Garfinkel|first1 = P E|last2 = Lin|first2 = E|last3 = Goering|first3 = P|last4 = Spegg|first4 = C|last5 = Goldbloom|first5 = D S|last6 = Kennedy|first6 = S|last7 = Kaplan|first7 = A S|last8 = Woodside|first8 = D B|title = Bulimia nervosa in a Canadian community sample: prevalence and comparison of subgroups|journal = Americal Journal of Psychiatry|volume = 152|number = 7|pages = 1052–1058|year = 1995|url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/152/7/1052|pmid = 7793442}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Japan]] || [[1995]] || 2597 high school students || 0.7% male || 1.9% female<ref>{{citation|title = Coprevalence of bulimia with alcohol abuse and smoking among Japanese male and female high school students|last1 = Suzuki|first1 = K|last2 = Takeda|first2 = A|last3 = Matsushita|first3 = S|journal = Addiction|volume = 90|number = 7|pages = 971--976|year = 1995|publisher = Blackwell Synergy|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x|doi = 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x}}</ref> |
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|} |
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Although bulimia is overwhelmingly a disease of young women, it can affect others. Former British Deputy Prime Minister [[John Prescott]] says he developed bulimia in his 60s <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7357430.stm by the BBC]</ref>. |
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== Effects == |
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*(And I suppose nobody cares about the fact that this article's entire "History" section was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Rome&diff=53885135&oldid=53799087 deleted] a couple of weeks after the aforementioned incident, and has, apparently, yet to be noticed by a single editor? Fun.) -[[User:Silence|Silence]] 05:09, 21 June 2006 (UTC) |
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These cycles often involve rapid and out-of-control eating, which may stop when the bulimic is interrupted by another person or the stomach hurts from overextension, followed by self-induced vomiting or other forms of purging. This cycle may be repeated several times a week or, in more serious cases, several times a day<ref>{{citation|title = Let's Talk Facts About: Eating Disorders|isbn = 0-89042-352-0 |year = 1999|publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]]}} (pamphlet)</ref>, and may directly cause: |
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* Chronic [[gastric reflux]] after eating. |
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* [[Dehydration]] and [[hypokalemia]] caused by frequent vomiting. |
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* Electrolyte imbalance, which can lead to [[cardiac arrhythmia]], [[cardiac arrest]], and even death |
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* [[Esophagitis]] |
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* Oral [[trauma]], in which repetitive insertion of fingers or other objects causes [[laceration]]s to the lining of the mouth or throat. |
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* [[Pancreatitis]]<ref>[http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=41143/ Health Consequences of Eating Disorders], Copyright 2006 by the National Eating Disorders Association, neda.org</ref> |
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* [[Peptic ulcers]] |
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* [[Perimolysis]], or the erosion of tooth enamel by [[gastric acid]]s. |
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* Swollen [[salivary gland]]s.<ref name="mcgilley">{{citation|url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/980600ap/mcgilley.html|title = Assessment and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa|first1 = Beth M|last1 = McGilley|first2 = Tamara L|last2 = Pryor|date = June 1998|journal = [[American Academy of Family Physicians]]}}</ref> |
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* Tearing or rupture of the [[esophagus]] caused by repeated forced vomiting. |
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== Causes == |
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*The 'legends' section of the history page has been vandalised. [[User:81.132.23.254|81.132.23.254]] 19:55, 31 January 2007 (UTC) |
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Bulimia is related to deep psychological issues and feelings of lack of control. Sufferers often use the destructive eating pattern to feel in control over their lives.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/mental_health/disorders_eating.shtml BBC - Health - Conditions - Eating disorders<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They may hide or hoard food and overeat when stressed or upset. They may feel a loss of control during a binge, and consume great quantities of food (over 20,000 calories).<ref>[http://www.at-risk.org/bulimia.html Bulimia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> After a length of time, the sufferer of bulimia will find that they no longer have control over their binging and purging. The binging becomes an addiction that seems impossible to break. Recovery is very hard, and often, in the early stages of recovery, the patient will gain weight as they rehydrate and obtain electrolytes that they have lost during the purging process. |
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There are higher rates of eating disorders in groups involved in activities that emphasize thinness and body type, such as [[gymnastics]], modeling, dance, [[cheerleading]], running, acting, rowing(lightweights/coxwains) and [[figure skating]].<ref>[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_mentalhealth/edbulim.cfm Bulimia Nervosa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Bulimia is more prevalent among [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]s. In one study, diagnosis of bulimia was correlated with high [[testosterone]] and low [[estrogen]] levels, and normalizing these levels with [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s reduced cravings for fat and sugar.<ref>[http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=22684&l=en&newsdep=130 Bulimia May Result from Hormonal Imbalance - Startpage - ki.se<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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== Related disorders == |
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==Religion== |
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Bulimics are much more likely than non-bulimics to have an [[affective spectrum|affective disorder]], such as [[clinical depression|depression]] or [[general anxiety disorder]]: A [[1985]] [[Columbia University]] study on female bulimics at [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]] found 70% had suffered depression some time in their lives (as opposed to 25.8% for adult females in a control sample from the general population), rising to 88% for all affective disorders combined.<ref>{{citation|last1 = Walsh|first1 = B T|last2 = Roose|first2 = S P|last3 = Glassman|first3 = A H|last4 = Gladis|first4 = M|last5 = Sadik|first5 = C|title = Bulimia and depression|journal = Psychosomatic Medicine|volume = 47|number = 2|pages = 123–131|year = 1985|url = http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/47/2/123.pdf}}</ref> Another study by the [[Royal Children's Hospital]] in [[Melbourne]] on a [[cohort (statistics)|cohort]] of 2000 adolescents similarly found that those meeting at least two of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-IV]] criteria for bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa had a sixfold increase in risk of anxiety and a doubling of risk for substance dependency.<ref>{{citation|title = Anorexia a pointer to later depression|url = theage.com.au/news/national/anorexia-a-pointer-to-later-depression/2008/04/27/1209234656201.html|publisher = [[The Age]]|date = 2008-04-28|accessdate = 2004-04-28|first = Jill|last = Stark}}</ref> |
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==Treatment== |
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Somebody correct me before I edt, but didn't Rome allow any religion to pertain in its civilization? There was no religious persecution, I believe, and I'm pretty sure military service was mandatory. [[User:Oyo321|Oyo321]] 22:06, 10 July 2006 (UTC) |
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There is no approved or generally accepted treatment for bulimia. Generally treatment is predicated on a real or hypothetical relationship to other disorders, Some researchers have hypothesized a relationship to mood disorders. In consequence, clinical trials have been conducted with tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors, mianserin, fluoxetine, lithium carbonate, trazodone, nomifensine, trazodone and bupropion. <ref> Hsu, LKG. </ref> Research groups who have seen a relationship to seizure disorders have attempted treatment with, phenytoin,carbamazepine and valproic acid. A third group has viewed bulimia as an addiction disorder, The opiate antagonist naloxone and naltrexone which also block cravings for gambling have been used.<ref> JE Mitchell,G Christensen, J Jennings, M Huber, B Thomas. A placebo-controlled , double-blind crossover study of naltrexone in outpatients with normal weight bulimia Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9:94-97, 1989. </ref> There has also been limited use of Topamax which blocks cravings for opiates, cocaine, alcohol and food.,<ref> AJ Giannini, AE Slaby. The Eating Disorders. NY, Springer-Verlag, 1993. </ref> Some researchers also report positive outcomes when bulimics are treated in an addiction-disorders inpatient unit. <ref> AJ Giannini, MJ Keller, GL Colapietro, SM Melemis, N Leskovac, T Timcisko. Comparison of alternative treatment techniques in bulimia: The chemical dependency approach. Psychological Reports. 82:451-456,1998. </ref>. None of these approaches has been consistently efficacious. |
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== See also == |
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:Depends when you mean. In the early republic, military service was more or less mandatory of you owned any property (although I imagine the sons of the very rich could find ways out of it - a trip to Rhodes to study under a master of rhetoric, perhaps). If you had no property at all you weren't eligible for military service. After Marius it became a professonal volunteer army, and by the late Empire virtually no Romans served - the army was largely made up of provincials and foreign federates. |
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* [[Anorexia nervosa]] |
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* [[Anorexia mirabilis]] |
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* [[Body dysmorphic disorder]] |
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* [[Body image]] |
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* [[Calorie restriction]] |
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* [[Defensive vomiting]] |
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* [[Eating disorder not otherwise specified]] |
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* [[Fasting girls]] for a historical perspective on anorexia nervosa |
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* [[Female body shape]] |
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* [[Malnutrition]] |
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* [[Muscle dysmorphia]] ('reverse' anorexia nervosa) |
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* [[National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders]] |
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* [[Orthorexia nervosa]] |
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* [[Pro-ana]] |
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* [[Purging disorder]] |
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* [[Refeeding syndrome]] |
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== Informational links == |
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:As for religion, in pre-Christian times observing the Roman state religion was a matter of allegiance to the Roman state, so as long as you were prepared to sacrifice to Jupiter and so on on official occasions I think they were more or less happy to let you do what you liked on your own time. Other pagans could fit in reasonably easily by identifying their gods with the Roman ones, and some foreign deities, like Isis, became popular in their own right. Jews and Christians were a problem, because they believed their god was the only one and worshipping any other was an affront to him, so they weren't prepared to sacrifice to Jupiter publicly and worship their own way in private. There were periods of persecution of both religions (and I believe of other foreign cults) from time to time, because they were effetively refusing to swear allegiance to Rome. Eventually the Empire made the mountain go to Mohammed by making Christianity their official religion, so by worshipping their own god in their own way the Christians were swearing allegiance to Rome as well. After that there were periods of persecution of paganism and of heretical versions of Christianity. |
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* [http://eatingdisorders.ucla.edu/ UCLA Eating Disorders Program] |
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== References == |
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:So, mostly, you're wrong. There was religious presecution, and military service wasn't mandatory. --[[User:Nicknack009|Nicknack009]] 00:02, 11 July 2006 (UTC) |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Mental and behavioural disorders}} |
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:::Not sure. The Roman army was made up of many "disposable" armies of mercenary and only the legions were true Roman decendents. I'm pretty sure military service was mandatory in order to remain in the Roman Empire. I see you are right about religious persecution. I must have been misinformed. Before an ethnic group could enter Roman boundaries to serve under Rome for their protection. [[User:Oyo321|Oyo321]] 00:30, 11 July 2006 (UTC) |
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[[Category:Eating disorders]] |
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Druidism in Gaul was another example of a religion that was officially banned by the Romans and whose adherents were persecuted. Ostensively because their worship involved human sacrifice. I believe I read that in Gibons' "Decline and Fall". |
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[[Category:Culture-specific syndromes]] |
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[[ca:Bulímia]] |
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::Persecutions were not common, but they definitely existed. Essentially, the ancient Romans mostly left people free to practise whatever religion they wanted, as long as that did not involve human sacrifice, and as long as it did not represent a threat to Rome's political supremacy. Celtic druidism, for example, was actively persecuted for both reasons: it did involve human sacrifice, and druids, being not just "priests", but also intellectuals and to some extent judges, acted as an important focus to rally celtic opposition to Roman rule. So, they had to go. As for early Christianity, in the very early days they were heavily influenced by mysteric cults that were all the rage in the Roman Empire; they practised their rites in the privacy of people's homes, not in public temples, so they were always eyed with suspect by authorities. As with any "secretive" sect, at that point you can attribute to them pretty much any practice you despise, so they were accused of human sacrifices (no evidence of that ever emerged), and of infiltrating the political structure of the Empire (this was essentially true, as the religion spread among Roman patricians), and consequently perceived as a threat and persecuted. --[[User:Nehwyn|Nehwyn]] 07:06, 30 October 2006 (UTC) |
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[[cs:Bulimie]] |
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[[de:Bulimie]] |
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[[et:Buliimia]] |
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c180 BC: “The Senate not only forbade Bacchus worship in Rome, but took unprecedented and high-handed action of compelling her Latin allies to enforce a similar ban.” - Roman Mythology, by Stewart Perowne, Library of the World’s Myths and Legends, New York - Peter Bendrick Books, c. 1969, 1983 |
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[[es:Bulimia]] |
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[[eo:Bulimio]] |
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The Senate viewed secret meetings as conspiracies that might foster subversion, and when Rome's Senate finally became aware of the spread of Bacchus worship it became alarmed, outlawed the movement and put to death seven thousand Bacchus devotees. The Senate also outlawed astrology, seeing this import from the east as subversive. address of this article: http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch16.htm Copyright © 1998 by Frank E. Smitha. All rights reserved. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/76.100.245.150|76.100.245.150]] ([[User talk:76.100.245.150|talk]]) 04:00, 7 February 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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[[eu:Bulimia]] |
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[[fr:Boulimie]] |
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==Etrucean== |
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[[ko:폭식증]] |
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[[hr:Bulimija]] |
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There should be a section on "Roman" numerals and its origins. We accidently call it "Roman", but the numerals are actually Etrucean. [[User:Oyo321|Oyo321]] 13:10, 31 July 2006 (UTC) |
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[[is:Lotugræðgi]] |
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[[it:Bulimia]] |
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:I take you mean Etruscan? Any source? --[[User:Nehwyn|Nehwyn]] 07:07, 30 October 2006 (UTC) |
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[[he:בולימיה]] |
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[[ka:ბულიმია]] |
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==Glaring Omission== |
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[[lt:Bulimija]] |
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[[lmo:Bülimía]] |
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I was looking over this article, and something really important just wasn't there. |
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[[nl:Boulimie]] |
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the influence of rome on modern culture. Almost every section of modern Euro-American society takes at least a few things from rome. All I'm hoping for is a section header and a <nowiki>{{mainarticle}}</nowiki> template pointing to wherever that is discussed. If there's no such Article, then that's even worse. [[User:Ikanreed|i kan reed]] 19:29, 7 August 2006 (UTC) |
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[[ja:神経性大食症]] |
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[[pl:Bulimia]] |
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:Now this is a very good observation. Such a "legacy" section would be a bit complex to write, though, and possibly difficult to source. --[[User:Nehwyn|Nehwyn]] 07:08, 30 October 2006 (UTC) |
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[[pt:Bulimia nervosa]] |
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[[ru:Булимия]] |
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:I agree that this would be a good addition. The following book would be a good place to start research: Richard Jenkyns, editor, ''The Legacy of Rome: A New Appraisal'', Oxford University Press (Oxford 1992) ISBN-10: 0198219172, ISBN-13: 978-0198219170. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 18:15, 3 April 2007 (UTC) |
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[[simple:Bulimia nervosa]] |
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[[sl:Bulimija]] |
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==Soviet Studies section== |
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[[sr:Булимија]] |
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I'm not sure how this is related, but i think as it is its extremely unclear, with lots of references that someone looking for information on Ancient Rome wouldnt necessarily be looking for. I think it needs some attention. [[User:Raisesdead|Miles]] 18:30, 4 October 2006 (UTC) |
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[[fi:Bulimia]] |
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[[sv:Bulimia nervosa]] |
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== Population 4,937,000 in AD 14 == |
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[[zh:神經性暴食症]] |
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Currently there is a chart of the population of Ancient Rome and the title indicates the area of the City of Rome. The estimate of is 4 million in 14 AD. Today, the city of Rome is only 2+ million. I wondered if that chart was accurate. (If so, feel free to delete my comment here on this talk page.) [[User:Jeff Carr|Jeff Carr]] 04:02, 5 November 2006 (UTC) |
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That is the total citizen population of Italy, not Rome. |
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About the population of Rome see this article |
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http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html#note6 |
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-Fco |
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==Potential Source and Lack of Content== |
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I've been reading Niccolo Machiavelli (sp?) Discourses on Livy. He makes multiple references to the history of the Roman Monarchy, citing names and events. Whereas I have not yet waded through the original text (the first ten books of Titus Livius) I assume that history can be found there. |
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==Good Article Review== |
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This article has '''failed''' its good article review. There are a number of reasons, which are discussed below, but crucially it simply does not have enough references. It is a good read, and I realise that it is an "A" on the Wikiproject's scale, which is above GA. Wikiprojects can review to their own standards, whereas I obviously have to adhere to the [[WP:WIAGA|good article criteria]] in order to pass it as a [[WP:GA|GA]]. Numbers in brackets refer to the [[WP:WIAGA|good article criteria]] that assessment covers. |
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'''Well written''': '''Pass'''. The article is written in compelling prose (1a). Jargon is explained, and where necessary wikilinked (1d). It also follows a logical, hierarchical structure (1b). All Latin and other non-English words are ''italicised''. |
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'''Factually accurate and verifiable''': '''Fail'''. This article has a staggering 8150 words, and only 16 references! Out of 42 total sections, 37 have ''no references'', including major topics such as Military, Scholarly Studies, Class Structure and Government (2a). As a result, the article is almost totally unverifiable, and looks in many cases to have been [[WP:OR|originally researched]](2, 2d). The references given had not been cited correctly, and as such make it difficult for anyone wanting verification to even check the statements which ''have'' been referenced. For '''all''' cited sources, you must give (preferably in this order): |
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#The author |
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#The year published of the '''version you are using''' |
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#''The title'', including any subtitles |
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#The edition |
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#the translator and/or editor if applicable |
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#The city of publication |
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#The publisher |
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e.g. Plato (2003), ''The Republic'' Reissued 2nd edition, tr. Lee, Desmond (London:Penguin) |
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In this article, currently only the short forms are used for most of the sources, e.g. Plato (2003) p.34. You need to add full references for Livy, Tuomisto, Bagnall, Meier, Suetonius, Johnston and Frontinus. Wikipedia has templates to make this easy. Go to [[WP:CTT]] and click on "Citations of generic sources" in the ToC to get templates for books and scholarly journals. |
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'''Broad in its coverage''': '''Pass''' - but is not without its problems. Mostly this article is brilliantly broad, but one section is woefully small for such a massive subject: scholarly studies. Every major university in Europe and most of the major ones in the States have classics departments. They churn out tonnes of literature and have done since their inception. This section deserves to be better written, researched ("The interest in studying ancient Rome arose '''presumably''' during the Age of Enlightenment in France" - this is not acceptable in a good article) and expanded. |
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'''[[WP:NPOV|NPOV]]''': '''Fail'''. Examples of [[WP:AWW|weasel words]] and [[WP:NPOV|POV]] are to be found throughout the article(4). e.g. "The Roman army was a marvel of discipline, which arguably made it one of the best armies of its time" Who argued that? If you, that is both lack of NPOV and original research. "Roman legionaries had comparatively less skill at fighting than most of their opponents" - again, your point of view, and possibly original research. |
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'''Stable''': '''Pass'''. The article does not change substantially from day to day, save vandalism which does not count and is always rapidly dealt with in any case (5). |
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'''Pictures''': '''Fail'''. The pictures you have are good. Their captions are not. The word "garb", for example, is unencyclopedic. Captions include NPOV problems: "Roman sculpture was at its most original...", and OR problems: "The Roman abacus, the first portable calculating device...". They make unsubstantiated comments: "It is one of France's top tourist attractions" which are also arguably non-notable trivia (6a, 3b) |
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So, a lot of work to be done, but it is achievable. The article is a great read, and if the statements made in it can be substatiated then that is half the battle won. I suggest that this is made one of the Wikiproject's "collaboration of the month" to bring it up to the required standard. Well done for all your good work so far, and I hope to see this reapplying for (and passing) GA in the next couple of months. [[User:Chrisfow|Chrisfow]] 15:52, 15 November 2006 (UTC) |
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::How is the word 'garb' unencyclopedic? --[[User:130.85.43.6|130.85.43.6]] 04:42, 25 March 2007 (UTC) |
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i believe that this page has some information that is unverified. |
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==Forum Romanum== |
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Just a questions: isn't the extremely long part on the forum romanum inappropriate for this article? 15:24, 11 December 2006 (UTC) |
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:I agree; way too much redundant detail. I'm removing most of it. [[User:Kafziel|Kafziel]] <sup>[[User talk:Kafziel|Talk]]</sup> 15:41, 11 December 2006 (UTC) |
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:Update: In fact, after a second look, it was ''completely'' redundant. I've taken the whole thing out. [[User:Kafziel|Kafziel]] <sup>[[User talk:Kafziel|Talk]]</sup> 15:44, 11 December 2006 (UTC) |
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== Organization of References == |
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Towards the end of the page is the Notes-section. It is slightly confusing since it seems to contain two different number-series, as well as a bullet list. What is the standard way to do this for WP? Should it all be converted to ref:s, or should some of it be split of into a section of its own? It is clearly not good to have several concatenated lists. [[User:Vle|VLE]] 01:48, 28 December 2006 (UTC) |
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==Slavery in Ancient Rome== |
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Was there any slavery of Black Africans in Ancient Rome as I saw the film Gladiator which had a black man as a forced gladiator |
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: I think the Romans could be termed equal-opportunity enslavers -- slaves came from many backgrounds, and race was not a major factor. So, yes, they'd enslave Africans, but also Greeks or Britons. [[User:Mlouns|Mlouns]] 22:23, 6 January 2007 (UTC) |
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::Also, slaves were mostly war captives or their descendents, and Rome fought several wars in Africa, so they'd have had opportunity to enslave black Africans. --[[User:Nicknack009|Nicknack009]] 01:42, 7 January 2007 (UTC) |
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== Julius Caesar's assassination == |
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RE: "In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed a secret pact—the First Triumvirate—to control the Republic. After Caesar's conquest of Gaul, a stand-off between Caesar and the Senate led to civil war, with Pompey leading the Senate's forces. Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life.[6][7] In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators fearing that Caesar sought to restore the monarchy..." |
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I don't know much about Roman history, but... |
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I believe the paragraph on Julius Caesar is factually misleading, although in line with most scholarship down through the centuries. The idea that Julius Caesar and his his allies formed a secret pact "to control the republic," and that Caesar was assassinated "by senators fearing that Caesar sought to restore the monarchy" has been the conventional view since his own time, but it is surely misleading and probably quite false. In his extensively documented The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti clearly demonstrates, as far as I can see, that Caesar was assassinated by Senators who feared that his power and influence were detrimental to the interests of the oligarchs, since throughout his career Caesar had sided with the lower classes and opposed the narrow interest of the oligarchs. The suggestion that Caesar was a usurper (despite his title usually translated as "dictator") and that the assassins and their allies acted on republican principles will probably not stand up to critical scrutiny. |
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[[User:Wmiale|Walter M.]] 04:22, 7 January 2007 (UTC)Walter M. |
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:The idea that Caesar "sought to restore the monarchy" probably comes more from Shakespeare than history, but the Roman Republic (or at least its establishment) was implacably opposed to anyone holding absolute power. I also think Caesar's "siding with the lower classes" was no more than populism. There are a lot of ways Caesar's rise and assassination can be interpreted, and this article can't go into individual episodes in too much detail, but I've reworded the passage slightly. Hopefully that should be a bit more accurate. --[[User:Nicknack009|Nicknack009]] 11:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)''' |
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:Cicero claimed that if he had succeeded in opposing Caesar, the Republic would still be standing. ''Quae si valuissent, res publica staret, tu tuis flagitiis, egestate, infamia concidisses.'' Phillipics 2.24. One should realize that the interests of the oligarchs and the interests of the senate were one and the same because the senate was composed entirely of patricians. The plebs had their own council and were the sole electors of the [[tribune]]. It is not difficult to characterize his plebian popularity as a direct threat to the senate. Caesar's heir officially ended the Republic when he was granted tribunician power for life in 23 BCE. At the time Caesar was assassinated, he was consul with Mark Anthony, possessed military imperium, was pontifex maximus, and most importantly he was granted the powers of the censor. Throughout much of history, Caesar's assassins have been characterized as restorers of the Republic. In the 18th century, "Brutus" the author of several of the Anti-Federalist Papers wrote against the creation of a Federal government more powerful than the states. He wrote that a Federal Army would be "abhorrent to the spirit of a free republic", and more typical of a "monarchy". But the best argument against [[Michael Parenti]]'s views is that they reflect a modern Marxist ideology projected on history. Certainly a Marxist would characterize the struggle as one between classes, and we can expect that Dr. Parenti would be no friend to the patrician class in Rome. From a Marxist perspective, Caesar would be a usurper of the proletariat and this would fit the contention that Communism is part of a historical progression as [[Karl Marx]] wrote. If this theory came from a classicist, I would find in more plausible, but Parenti is no classicist and he has some very radical views. [[User:Legis Nuntius|Legis Nuntius]] 00:38, 6 March 2007 (UTC) |
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==Suggested Merge with <s>[[Rome]]</s> [[Romw]]== |
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> I vote no. [[Rome]] is more general, and includes the Renaissance and modern cities, with just a touch of mention of the ancient city. This seems right. Also, each article is already plenty big enough. They should be separate. [[User:Mlouns|Mlouns]] 00:22, 6 February 2007 (UTC) |
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> No merge. Merging [[Ancient Rome]] into [[Rome]], resulting in a major new section of [[Rome]], creates a cleaner and more encyclopedic whole. While keeping the subject seperate aid the historical, and rather thematic apperance as of present. Depends (as always) on what one would prefer to be the main goal of the article, and I tend to favour the latter, as even an encyclopedia needs a balance of the two. [[User:Martinor|Martinor]] |
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Sorry, but a well-intended editor "corrected" the "typo"; the typo exists in the original article, [[Romw]], which I have recommended be mined for any useful material and then AfD'd. [[User:Askari Mark|Askari Mark]] <small>[[User talk:Askari Mark|(Talk)]]</small> 06:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC) |
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== The Map Doesn't Work == |
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Seems like the little map in the top right of the article showing the size of the empire doesn't work. Could whoever put it there fix it please? I don't know how.[[User:SmokeyTheCat|SmokeyTheCat]] 15:24, 2 March 2007 (UTC) |
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== where are the real facts that we need for maybe homework...? == |
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where are they? <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/68.19.108.17|68.19.108.17]] ([[User talk:68.19.108.17|talk]]) 21:34, 11 March 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned --> |
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:If this article lacks the information it needs, please inform us of what this information is. Asking where the "real facts" are is not helpful. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 15:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC) |
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== Semi-protect == |
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I think we should semi-protect this page. It gets quite a bit of vandalism, and vandalism on such a prominent article is not good for Wikipedia's image. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 15:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC) |
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I'd have to agree, as of this morning Rome was "a stupid civilization" What's that about? |
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I need to know what were the two forms of christianty in the Roman Empire after it's fall...when Constantine ruled. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.2.37.183|71.2.37.183]] ([[User talk:71.2.37.183|talk]]) 20:43, 2 October 2008 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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Ross. |
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:I've made a request for semi-protection at [[WP:RFPP]]. [[User:Robotman1974|Robotman]][[User talk:Robotman1974|<sup>1974</sup>]] 17:38, 12 March 2007 (UTC) |
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== Minor capitalization correction == |
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In the "Government" section, 5th paragraph dealing with the provinces. The paragraph starts with "the" rather than "The". |
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[[User:Praefectorian|Praefectorian]] 19:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC) |
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:Fixed. Thanks for pointing it out. [[User:Robotman1974|Robotman]][[User talk:Robotman1974|<sup>1974</sup>]] 19:52, 12 March 2007 (UTC) |
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== Series of illustrations showning the expansion and decline of Roman territory == |
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Is there any way that we can insert an image into the series which shows the brief Roman conquest of [[Mesopotamia]] during [[Trajan]]'s reign?- [[User:Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg|Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg]] | [[User talk:Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg|Talk]] 14:06, 13 March 2007 (UTC) |
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:Good idea. I assume you have one or know where to find one so add away! [[User:Wardhog|Wardhog]] 18:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC) |
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== Lead Poisoning == |
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This section is misleading and at least partially inaccurate. While lead was used for plumbing, it was not used exclusively and was apparently known to be harmful, according to Vitruvius. Terracotta was preferred (also according to Vitruvius), though lead was easier to work with. The other issue is a chemical one. In order to cause lead poisoning, the water flowing through the pipe must be corrosive, causing lead to leach into the water. Evidence suggests that much of the water used by the Romans was actually scale-forming, which protected the water from the lead pipes. This is discussed by Frontius, when he mentions that older pipes would become crusted with deposits, reducing the flow. Other causes of lead poisoning have been debated, but lack sufficient evidence, especially regarding the possible magnitude of such a problem. ([[User:Yicpa2|Yicpa2]] 22:59, 15 March 2007 (UTC)) |
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:If you feel that there are factual problems, please fell free to make the necessary corrections. Your corrections must cite claims by reputable sources.[[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 07:04, 18 March 2007 (UTC) |
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Seriously lead poisoning as a theory that helped lead to the fall of the roman empire is a bunch of BS. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.212.59.76|90.212.59.76]] ([[User talk:90.212.59.76|talk]]) 16:05, 10 July 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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==Commodiana== |
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I think we should have a section within the Empire on Commodiana. [[Commodus]] took the part-burning of Rome as a chance to rebuild Rome after himself, naming the Senate, the calendar months and the city after himself. [[User:Social Studiously|Social Studiously]] 02:40, 25 March 2007 (UTC) |
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:I don't think that's really notable enough to warrant mention in this article. It's vital information when one is writing about Commodus in specific, but on the broader scale of Roman history from 753 BC to 1453 CE it's rather trivial. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 03:10, 9 April 2007 (UTC) |
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::Why don't you add a link instead of an entire section? [[User:Wardhog|Wardhog]] 18:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC) |
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==Military== |
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This section is well-written prose but very general and completely unsourced as of today. I will undertake to provide sources for portions of this section from Adrian Goldsworthy, ''The Roman Army at War'', and related works. The personal judgments noted under the GA Review section remain and must be reworked. The section attempts to provide a sense of developments over time but could be improved in this regard. The section should perhaps point out that the Roman army did not win every battle (e.g., major defeats inflicted by Hannibal at Cannae, by the Parthians at Carrhae, by Arminius (Hermann) at the Teutoberger Wald). The relationship between this section and the cited main articles needs consideration, although the level of detail in this section strikes me as about right. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 22:44, 29 March 2007 (UTC) |
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:I've done about half of what I plan to do in terms of editing. I want to add a short paragraph on "leadership" and a paragraph or two on developments under the Principate and subsequently, including the increasing role of the army in choosing the Emperor. I also want to add a paragraph on naval forces since the Romans did not have discrete services, and information on specialties such as engineering, sappers, artillery, etc. I want to incorporate or replace the remaining text. If its opponents as the fifth paragraph from the end now does, I'll rewrite and source it. Comments or suggestions are of course welcome. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 22:45, 1 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:I've made further progress. The agenda is as described above. About 2-3 more hours of concentrated editing should finish the job. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 22:50, 15 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:I've completed my basic work on this section. I believe that it is now accurate (within the limitations imposed by the summary nature of the article) and properly sourced. Please let me know what you think. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 15:34, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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It's all good... did you check out the [[Military of Ancient Rome]], [[Roman Legion]], and [[Roman Army]] articles? Those might be unsourced too. |
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[[User:KnightHospitaller|KnightHospitaller]] 17:40, 17 June 2007 (UTC) |
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== new template == |
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hello. i've created new template, who wants may place on his/her page, but one request please do not change picture on template, because it is picture of roman inscriptions near [[Baku]] left by soldiers of [[Legio XII Fulminata]], who also founded my hometown [[Ramana]] |
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{{User:EVula/Userboxes/Roman ancestry}} |
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signed [[User:Elsanaturk|Elsanaturk]] 20:08, 14 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:Cool. Thanks for creating it. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 02:26, 15 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:I agree. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 14:10, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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==Continuing Vandalism== |
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I feel like the new kid on the block. Can anyone provide insight into why this article attracts vandals as it does? [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 14:10, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:My guess is that this is a high traffic article, with a lot of readers everyday. If one thing is known for certain about vandalism, it's that a high readership means a high vandalism rate. Unfortunately the article has now been unprotected by an admin who did not bother to consult others at the talk page. I put in a request for reprotection at [[WP:RFPP]], but the admins there rejected the request, essentially because they agreed with the guy who unprotected it. Why are the admins here all so clannish? [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 21:13, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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::It's the nature of admins, I guess. Let's keep our eyes open and see how much more vandalism there is. When it gets out of hand again, the admins will come around. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 03:15, 23 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:::I agree. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 03:50, 24 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:::: Maybe it's [[synchronicity]]? Vandals helped destroy the real Ancient Rome too :-) [[User:SmokeyTheCat|SmokeyTheCat]] 11:06, 18 May 2007 (UTC) |
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::::: One other cause may be the popularity of the Rome:Total War computer game. It's a game marketed largely to teenagers (there are exceptions; I bought it and played it and I'm in my 40's). The game is a disgrace to history, but it probably sparks a lot of interest in ancient Rome among some players. I'm new to what makes a wikipedia vandal, but aren't teens (or adults with the minds of teens) the likeliest vandals? --[[User:130.156.3.34|130.156.3.34]] 20:22, 6 June 2007 (UTC) |
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:::My favorite piece of vandalism: some high school student pasted the text of his/her ancient history course syllabus into the article. It was interesting.[[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 03:15, 16 June 2007 (UTC) |
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==Art, Music and Literature== |
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Galanskov, I appreciate your hard work on and attention to this article. A suggestion on citation style -- every sentence in the first paragraph under this heading is cited to the same two sources. Why not simply reference the two citations at the end of the paragraph as a whole? It leaves the paragraph less cluttered visually, and readers should understand that the entire paragraph (and not just the last sentence) is covered. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 14:16, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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:OK, I guess you're right. I've left the citations on the first and the last sentences, because all the stuff about the four styles clearly comes from the same source. [[User:Galanskov|Galanskov]] 21:06, 22 April 2007 (UTC) |
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==Games and activities== |
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I think this article is a bit unclear; where it says the Circus Maximus was created in 600B.C. and ended in 549. It should say: ended in 549 A.D., because without the A.D. part it looks like it ended in 549 B.C., making it only 11 years. That would contradict the part that says it stayed for over a millenium. A small yet important change? [[User:72.139.94.207|72.139.94.207]] 18:36, 27 May 2007 (UTC) |
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==This Article is Not Too Long== |
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As of June 14, 2007, this article consists of 9,323 words of "readable prose," more or less. This is within the Guideline on article size, which suggests an upper limit of from 6,000 to 10,000 words of readable prose. See: [[Wikipedia:Article size]] Given that this article attempts to provide a meaningful overview of 1,000 years of the history and culture of a major civilization, the length is justified. Indeed, a somewhat longer article would be justified (and probably will be needed). It may be possible to play with the organization of the article to make it more accessible (although IMO it's not bad now), but splitting it would be difficult given this article's purpose. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] 01:26, 15 June 2007 (UTC) |
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Agreed. The tag should be removed. |
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[[User:KnightHospitaller|KnightHospitaller]] 17:42, 17 June 2007 (UTC) |
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== Ancient Rome == |
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In the first paragraph pertaining to society in the empire, it says that life in ancient Rome-the state- revolved around the city.I don't get that. If it did, how?[[User:24.8.11.11|24.8.11.11]] 01:50, 22 July 2007 (UTC) |
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== Ancient Rome == |
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In the section named SOCIETY,it is as if the facts pertain to the city of Rome only, when we all know that society in Rome was all over the empire, in different degrees.Also,the section does not go in-depth.[[User:24.8.11.11|24.8.11.11]] 02:01, 22 July 2007 (UTC) |
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This was a pleasure to read it mas very interesting........................there is still alot more infomaition needed <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.220.217.44|193.220.217.44]] ([[User talk:193.220.217.44|talk]]) 15:54, 17 October 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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the real question is that who benefited from the roman art and architecture?? <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.110.64.214|71.110.64.214]] ([[User talk:71.110.64.214|talk]]) 04:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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== Omission of 1st Sack of Rome == |
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I noticed that the Gallic sack of Rome in 387BCE has been left out, though it is pivotal in the history of Roman defenses around the capital, with the building of a first walled Rome by Marcus Furios Cammilus, and also introduces the Gauls for the first time into Roman history; a people who would play so crucial a role in the future. [[User:Nathraq|Nathraq]] 17:42, 8 November 2007 (UTC) |
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* I see the page has been locked. Can an admin unlock it, so I can add this most important event to the article? thanks [[User:Nathraq|Nathraq]] ([[User talk:Nathraq|talk]]) 13:12, 18 April 2008 (UTC) |
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== BCE-CE / BC-AD Notation == |
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I noticed that the article had both notations in use and changed it all to BCE/CE notation, which is considered more correct and more neutral, I'm seeing it reverted with no motive, could anyone explain this further? [[User:IFeito|Schicchi]] 21:21, 2 December 2007 (UTC) |
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:The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)|manual of style]] states that both notations are equally acceptable (so editor's opinions about which is in general more neutral or accurate are irrelevant), but "[i]t is inappropriate for a Wikipedia editor to change from one style to another unless there is a substantive reason". It appears that [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Rome&oldid=174645952 before your edits], BCE/CE was being used in a single footnote (n. 113). When this note [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Rome&diff=124620785 was added], the article was using a mixture of the two notations; since then, it has apparently been edited to use BC/AD consistently, but this note was missed. While it's technically correct that that article had both notations in use, I'd say it's more in keeping with the guidelines to bring the footnote in line with the rest of the article, particularly since BC/AD was the article's [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Rome&diff=14125286 original notation]. [[User:EALacey|EALacey]] 22:06, 2 December 2007 (UTC) |
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== Pigmentation of Roman Emperors == |
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Descriptions of Roman Emperors by Suetonius,Pliny,Malalas , almost all were blond,blue-eyed . The Romans weren't dark and short at all , only stupid stereotypes made by americans like those on italians. |
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http://aycu24.webshots.com/image/40103/2003824465129417098_rs.jpg |
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Actually most emperors were dark and similar ethnically to modern southern Italians.there is a picture of an emperors family on the article page if you care to look. |
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Oh and your attempt to correlate dark and short (two mutually exclusive traits) was less than clever. Back to stormfront you go. |
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== Area under Roman control animation == |
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The legend includes a green section for inheriting provinces of the Byzantine Empire, but at the end of the animation (530 AD), there is only a yellow Eastern Empire section, and no green sections. [[User:Pifreak94|Pifreak94]] ([[User talk:Pifreak94|talk]]) 06:21, 17 February 2008 (UTC) |
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: <s>Probably because the Western Roman Empire was destroyed? </s>[[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 05:27, 20 July 2008 (UTC) |
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: Its talking about the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, when Byzantium was carved up. [[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 05:29, 20 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Picture of Roman Soldier Needed == |
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This article really needs a picture of a Roman soldier in full battle armor. The article just does not seem complete without it. --[[User:PaladinWriter|PaladinWriter]] ([[User talk:PaladinWriter|talk]]) 21:21, 19 February 2008 (UTC) |
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== More Pictures Needed == |
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This article desperately needs more pictures. It is a fairly lengthy article and the number of pictures in the article is just too small. --[[User:PaladinWriter|PaladinWriter]] ([[User talk:PaladinWriter|talk]]) 21:21, 19 February 2008 (UTC) |
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==Roman empire map== |
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I really like the roman empire map. But is there any way to put stop,rewind,fast forward buttons on there? |
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[[Special:Contributions/203.206.2.253|203.206.2.253]] ([[User talk:203.206.2.253|talk]]) 07:02, 27 March 2008 (UTC) |
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== Wrong Map == |
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The map that says "Rome at its greatest extent" has been underestimated; where are the gains in Mesopotamia and Armenia? These territories were siezed by Trajan from the Parthians in 116 AD. Correct this, or I shall. [[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 04:23, 10 April 2008 (UTC) |
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:This looks like it was corrected....is the map correct? The information was changes but was the map? --[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 08:32, 27 June 2008 (UTC) |
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:: No its still mssing Armenia and Mesopotamia. I'll see if I can correct this myself. I've been super busy lately. [[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 22:59, 27 June 2008 (UTC) |
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== "The Eastern Empire came to an end when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453." == |
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This is not exactly true, The eastern empire came to an end in 1461 when Mehmet II conquered Pontus Empire. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Doganaktas|Doganaktas]] ([[User talk:Doganaktas|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Doganaktas|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 April 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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by angel mimitz <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/159.250.29.91|159.250.29.91]] ([[User talk:159.250.29.91|talk]]) 17:00, 5 May 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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: Not true, since Pontus was a splinter kingdom, much as the Papal states were a splinter kingdom of Byzantium. [[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 05:27, 22 April 2008 (UTC) |
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== Criteria == |
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i don't think the map provides enough information. I believe it should show major cities, rivers, mountain ranges, and plains. Feel free to add your criteria to this section, [[User:Birfdaygirl889|Birfdaygirl889]] ([[User talk:Birfdaygirl889|talk]]) 23:36, 22 May 2008 (UTC) |
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==Start and end of Ancient Rome== |
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I realize that the dates may be in disbute, but the first two paragraph of this article seem to be internally inconsistent. If ancient Rome existed for 12 centuries, and started in the 9th century, and started to decline in the 5th, then the numbers don't seem to match. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Kasajian|Kasajian]] ([[User talk:Kasajian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kasajian|contribs]]) 14:37, 24 May 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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== First paragraph == |
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The first paragraph is grammatically wrong: see the second sentence, which is not a sentence at all. (I cannot fix this, due to semi-protection.) [[User:FlagrantUsername|FlagrantUsername]] ([[User talk:FlagrantUsername|talk]]) 04:48, 5 June 2008 (UTC) |
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::Done. --[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 08:22, 27 June 2008 (UTC) |
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== Article clean up == |
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I began a general clean up of the article by moving a few things and resizing images. One image smaller and one image larger. |
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I will be doing more shortly. I have not changed any information in the article just format changes so far. --[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 08:13, 27 June 2008 (UTC) |
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:OK...I have done some copy editing to reduce article size. I removed some passages that I felt either were too much information for this lengthy article (when the subject is covered fully on another page with a redirect above the paragraph to the main article) or the information was discussing an un neccesary subject in that catagory. |
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:I have replaced a few images with different ones that I felt were more direct and removed images that I felt didn't add much or anything to the article in general. (others may not like those changes and I am not worries if those are reversed or changed to something else if a better image is found) |
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:I rearranged some categories to make more sense and retitled one. My next step will be to condense the last categories into one or two while retaining all the links to the pertinent main articles.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 04:50, 29 June 2008 (UTC) |
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:*A couple of comments on your work to date: |
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::*This is more than a clean up or copy editing, it's a major rewrite and change in scope. It would have been preferable (certainly more polite) to discuss your intentions and your rationale here before embarking on such a major project. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 16:33, 29 June 2008 (UTC) |
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::::The article had a clean-up tag placed on it in June so I did do several edits that were just general clean up and tried to document on this page, what I did. |
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::::There is also a note in the edit generator page stating that the article is too long and may need to be reduced by making new pages for catahories....I have done this before but this looked to me to be done already so I just went through and edited down several areas where information seemed too detailed for the articles length.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 09:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC) |
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::*Present footnote 91 contains a mass of material formerly in the main body of the article, plus (I believe) the text of all following footnotes. I'm not sure what you intended -- whether you intended deletions or unintentionally put the footnote mark-up in the wrong place or what -- so I am not going to change it. Please take a look at it and sort it out. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 16:33, 29 June 2008 (UTC) |
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::::I am ignorant of this. It is something that I must have done during a deletion. I try very hard to be careful....but mistakes are made. Sorry.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 09:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC) |
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::::*I've located the trouble and fixed it. Text and proper footnotes are back. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 23:16, 4 July 2008 (UTC) |
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::*I suggest that the heading "Roman Achievements" be changed to "Roman Technological Achievements" since that is the subject matter included under the heading and there are many other noteworty Roman achievements in other areas, -- law, government, art, etc. -- dealt with or to be dealt with under other headings. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 16:37, 29 June 2008 (UTC) |
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::::Agreed.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 09:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC) |
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::*I've added back a bit of text and made a couple of minor edits to provide a transition between the description of the army at the time of Augustus and the army at the time of its final reorganization under Gallienus. This is a small addition and should not interfere with your goals. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 23:16, 4 July 2008 (UTC) |
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I am so admiring of the enthusiasm of the contributors to the content of this page. Thank you ALL for your efforts. Please bear with me if I "tidy up" after you. I am of the age of those who remember being mercilessly drilled into the rules of grammar and punctuation etc. I cannot help myself. I do not wish to offend any contributor to content. I am very happy to tidy up. If any contributor wishes to challenges my chnages or ask me why, I would be very pleased to discuss this with you. [[User:Proxxt|Proxxt]] ([[User talk:Proxxt|talk]]) 10:04, 14 August 2008 (UTC) |
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== Info Box == |
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Generaly speaking, the info box shoulb be at the top of the page for at a glance information, but by moving it down to the "History" catagory I guess it does at least solve the problem of spacing with as long as the catagory box is.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 09:54, 2 July 2008 (UTC) |
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::I think I know how to fix this.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 11:52, 3 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Etruscans == |
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The article tells us, when the Etruscans lost power by the late 6th century BC, the original Latin and Sabine tribes re-invented their government with much greater restraints on the ability of rulers to exercise power. Their seems to me a paucity of information telling us exactly what the Etruscans left behind. They left behind their religion, culture, economy and also their politics, which though obviously different from a republic, was not so different that the republic had to start their political reforms from scratch. Thanks. [[User:Skipper 360|Skipper 360]] ([[User talk:Skipper 360|talk]]) 15:31, 1 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Article coverage == |
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===How far do we go=== |
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Ancient Rome is a very generic term and covers a broad expanse of time. The article should include as much pertinent information as possible and still follow Wikipedia guidelines for article length so that the article can be improved enough to pass a "Good Article" nomination. |
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Links within prose could be used more to reduce article size. By placing a linked word to an more in depth full article we can avoid over filling this article and still make the information available within the article itself. |
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===Format=== |
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Following along with other similar articles the format should follow Wiki [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]] (This article has the info box in the first catagory to keep the page from stretching and make spacing better, but that is not a problem on some articles so...I am checking on this) |
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===Images=== |
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Keeping images to a minimum helps keep the article readable but when the subject is well known or very broad images help to better understand the subject. |
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I notice that there is a trend with some articles of ancient times to show images of sculpture of different subjects. This is a bit like using a TV from the 1950s when you can use a better set with a clearer representation. Reconstructions and other media like drawings and paintings may lend better to a 2D world like wikipedia. |
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These are a few things I thought were changes being asked to be made by the failed good article nomination as well as the cleanup tag and the Wiki warnings in the editing page. |
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I would also think that linking with other articles would be important and that they all have a common look and feel and perhaps all be a part of diferent projects. --[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 11:46, 3 July 2008 (UTC) |
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:You make a good point concerning clearer representation of sculptures etc using media drawings and paintings, but I do feel part of the enjoyment of an article concerning ancient times is the actual picture of a contemporary sculpture. Perhaps a combination of both? [[User:Skipper 360|Skipper 360]] ([[User talk:Skipper 360|talk]]) 11:57, 3 July 2008 (UTC) |
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:::The Best image of a person from ancient times would be a sculpted bust from the same period the person existed. They are generally found on the Internet free of copyright. But the same is true of paintings that are over 75 years old. Fair use may even allow images from the recent past to be used...but I recommend searching a bit before loading anything new. There are many images that can be found in different articles on Wiki.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 19:00, 7 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Article Split == |
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It is being suggested by Wikipedia that this article be split. I suggest splitting the article in this manner; |
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'''Ancient Rome''' |
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'''Ancient Roman Society''' |
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In this way the categories that fall under each can be expanded and stay within Wiki guidelines.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 19:03, 7 July 2008 (UTC) |
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: Who is doing this supposed suggestion? Furthermoore, why? I know that there is a supposed 32kb limit on an article, yeah right, I don't know what doofas thinks thats possible with articles as extensive as this one, or say [[Byzantine Empire]], but I don't see why Ancient Roman Society should be split from Ancient Rome entirely; the article is about all aspects of Ancient Rome, or at least it should be. However, since there are articles about the military history of Rome and other aspect of Roman life, I dn't see why not if there is enough information, and if some info is left behind as a rough guide. [[User:Tourskin|Tourskin]] ([[User talk:Tourskin|talk]]) 20:51, 7 July 2008 (UTC) |
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There was a disclaimer on the edit page saying that the article needed to be split. I researched a little to be sure this was something that could even be done with this page and decided it could. |
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By splitting the page, it does not mean that there should be no mention of Roman Society, just that the section was so long it warrented it's own page and the existing page needed to be split by "Auto suggestions" with tags in the on the edit page or from the failed good article attempt and the suggestions there. The whole purpose of these pages is for good, correct information....however some subjects are far too long for a single page. Ancient Rome is undoubtably one of those subjects. Links to the section that was moved have been placed above the culture section to redirect to that page now. We can still add information about Roman Society but the article needs to be as concise as possible.--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 00:53, 8 July 2008 (UTC) |
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:*The article was tagged about a year ago as too long, and a suggestion was made then that it be split. The discussion is under # 27 above and I believe it adequately answered the question. WP agreed and removed the tag. The topic requires length unless it is to be so superficial as to be useless. I agree with Tourskin that the 32kb limit is essentially meaningless in this case. As of June, 2007, the article was within the word length limits set by WP as guidelines. While I haven't measured it lately, I don't think is has gotten longer recently, given the weeding and pruning Amadscientist has been doing. Splitting the article is unnecessary and unwise. [[User:Simmaren|Simmaren]] ([[User talk:Simmaren|talk]]) 02:51, 10 July 2008 (UTC) |
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:::I think there is a legitimate reason to split the article and I have explained it fully. I have returned the article back to the way it was before the split and think further discussion of the split would benifit both the article and all of us as editors. |
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:::What does everyone think? Should the article be built on from this point.....just making it even larger or should there be a split as is suggested by Wiki with the following note on the editing page ('''This page is 82 kilobytes long. It may be appropriate to split this article into smaller, more specific articles. See Wikipedia:Article size''')?--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 02:46, 11 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Greek and Roman Gods Correction == |
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I recommend to whoever can edit this article that the following sentence be added to the beginning of the second paragraph under Religion: |
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Although, many gods may have commonly derived from [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Indo-Europeans]] gods (e.g. Zeus-Jupiter, [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]]-[[Faunus]]), they have different identities in early recorded history. |
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It is widely accepted that "Zeus" comes from IE *deos. Jupiter is Deos-Piter, or God-Father. Pan and Faunus are also apparent cognates. This link to PIE religion could be of interest. |
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[[User:Coldipa|Coldipa]] ([[User talk:Coldipa|talk]]) 11:28, 15 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Wrong Infobox == |
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While all the information in the at a glance info box is great....it's the wrong box. This is article is about the entire Ancient Roman period not just the political and governmental aspects. The info box should be similer to other articles about civilizations. [[Ancient Greece]].--[[User:Amadscientist|Amadscientist]] ([[User talk:Amadscientist|talk]]) 22:12, 23 July 2008 (UTC) |
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==Good Article Status== |
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I just want to leave a suggestion. If anyone wants to promote this article to GA status, reduce its size by about a third. At 85 kb, it is too big and a bit overwhelming. It should retain all of the topics it covers, but just have the volume in each of those topics reduced by eliminating some of the details. I think that this is really the only thing that prevents it from being of GA quality. [[User:RomanHistorian|RomanHistorian]] ([[User talk:RomanHistorian|talk]]) 23:19, 21 September 2008 (UTC) |
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== cleopatra == |
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she was very heartless used the two guys and is a whore. |
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THE END |
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Revision as of 16:45, 13 October 2008
 |
| Bulimia nervosa | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry  |
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors, referred to as "purging".[1] The most common form—practiced more than 75% of people with bulimia nervosa—is self-induced vomiting; fasting, the use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and overexercising are also common.[2]
The word bulimia derives from the Latin (būlīmia) from the Greek βουλῑμια (boulīmia; ravenous hunger), a compound of βους (bous), ox + λῑμος (līmos), hunger.[3]
Diagnosis
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR) published by the American Psychological Association, the criteria for diagnosing a patient with bulimia are:
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:
- Eating, in a fixed period of time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat under similar circumstances.
- A lack of control over eating during the episode: a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating.
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as: self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; excessive exercise.
- Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
- These symptoms occur at least twice a week on average and persist for at least 3 months.
- The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa.[4]
There are two sub-types of Bulimia Nervosa: purging and non-purging.
- Purging Type: the patient uses self-induced vomiting (which may include use of emetics such as syrup of ipecac) and other ways to rapidly remove food from the body before it can be digested, such as laxatives, diuretics, and enemas.
- Non-purging Type: occurring in approximately 6%-8% of cases, in which the patient uses excessive exercise or fasting after a binge to offset the caloric intake after eating. Purging-type bulimics may also exercise or fast, but as a secondary form of weight control.[4]
The onset of Bulimia Nervosa is often during adolesence (between 13 and 20 years of age), with many sufferers relapsing in adulthood into episodic binging and purging even after initially successful treatment and remission.[5]
Bulimia Nervosa can be difficult to detect, compared to Anorexia Nervosa , because bulimics tend to be of average or slightly above or below average weight. Many bulimics may also engage in significantly disordered eating and exercising patterns without meeting the full diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa.[6]
Prevalence
The collection of data on the incidence of bulimia nervosa in the general population is limited. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students. These have yielded a wide range of results: between 0% and 2.1% of males, and between 0.3% and 7.3% of females.[7] A more recent study indicates that 10% of adolescent girls and 3% of adolescent boys binge eat and purge at least once weekly. [8]
| Country | Year | Sample size and type | Incidence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 1996 | 1152 college students | 0.2% male | 1.3% female[9] |
| USA | 1992 | 799 college students | 0.4% male | 5.1% female[10] |
| Norway | 1995 | 19067 psychiatric patients | 0.7% male | 7.3% female[11] |
| Australia | 1998 | 4200 high school students | 0.3% combined[12] | |
| Canada | 1995 | 8116 (random sample) | 0.1% male | 1.1% female[13] |
| Japan | 1995 | 2597 high school students | 0.7% male | 1.9% female[14] |
Although bulimia is overwhelmingly a disease of young women, it can affect others. Former British Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott says he developed bulimia in his 60s [15].
Effects
These cycles often involve rapid and out-of-control eating, which may stop when the bulimic is interrupted by another person or the stomach hurts from overextension, followed by self-induced vomiting or other forms of purging. This cycle may be repeated several times a week or, in more serious cases, several times a day[16], and may directly cause:
- Chronic gastric reflux after eating.
- Dehydration and hypokalemia caused by frequent vomiting.
- Electrolyte imbalance, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and even death
- Esophagitis
- Oral trauma, in which repetitive insertion of fingers or other objects causes lacerations to the lining of the mouth or throat.
- Pancreatitis[17]
- Peptic ulcers
- Perimolysis, or the erosion of tooth enamel by gastric acids.
- Swollen salivary glands.[18]
- Tearing or rupture of the esophagus caused by repeated forced vomiting.
Causes
Bulimia is related to deep psychological issues and feelings of lack of control. Sufferers often use the destructive eating pattern to feel in control over their lives.[19] They may hide or hoard food and overeat when stressed or upset. They may feel a loss of control during a binge, and consume great quantities of food (over 20,000 calories).[20] After a length of time, the sufferer of bulimia will find that they no longer have control over their binging and purging. The binging becomes an addiction that seems impossible to break. Recovery is very hard, and often, in the early stages of recovery, the patient will gain weight as they rehydrate and obtain electrolytes that they have lost during the purging process. There are higher rates of eating disorders in groups involved in activities that emphasize thinness and body type, such as gymnastics, modeling, dance, cheerleading, running, acting, rowing(lightweights/coxwains) and figure skating.[21] Bulimia is more prevalent among Caucasians. In one study, diagnosis of bulimia was correlated with high testosterone and low estrogen levels, and normalizing these levels with combined oral contraceptive pills reduced cravings for fat and sugar.[22]
Related disorders
Bulimics are much more likely than non-bulimics to have an affective disorder, such as depression or general anxiety disorder: A 1985 Columbia University study on female bulimics at New York State Psychiatric Institute found 70% had suffered depression some time in their lives (as opposed to 25.8% for adult females in a control sample from the general population), rising to 88% for all affective disorders combined.[23] Another study by the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne on a cohort of 2000 adolescents similarly found that those meeting at least two of the DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa had a sixfold increase in risk of anxiety and a doubling of risk for substance dependency.[24]
Treatment
There is no approved or generally accepted treatment for bulimia. Generally treatment is predicated on a real or hypothetical relationship to other disorders, Some researchers have hypothesized a relationship to mood disorders. In consequence, clinical trials have been conducted with tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors, mianserin, fluoxetine, lithium carbonate, trazodone, nomifensine, trazodone and bupropion. [25] Research groups who have seen a relationship to seizure disorders have attempted treatment with, phenytoin,carbamazepine and valproic acid. A third group has viewed bulimia as an addiction disorder, The opiate antagonist naloxone and naltrexone which also block cravings for gambling have been used.[26] There has also been limited use of Topamax which blocks cravings for opiates, cocaine, alcohol and food.,[27] Some researchers also report positive outcomes when bulimics are treated in an addiction-disorders inpatient unit. [28]. None of these approaches has been consistently efficacious.
See also
- Anorexia nervosa
- Anorexia mirabilis
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Body image
- Calorie restriction
- Defensive vomiting
- Eating disorder not otherwise specified
- Fasting girls for a historical perspective on anorexia nervosa
- Female body shape
- Malnutrition
- Muscle dysmorphia ('reverse' anorexia nervosa)
- National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
- Orthorexia nervosa
- Pro-ana
- Purging disorder
- Refeeding syndrome
Informational links
References
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 1994. ISBN 0890420629.
- ^ Fairburn, Christopher (1995), Overcoming Binge Eating, Guilford, ISBN 0898621798
- ^ Douglas Harper (November 2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary: bulimia". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ a b Barlow, David H; Durand, V Mark (July 2004), Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach, Thomson Wadsworth, ISBN 0534633625
- ^ Agras, W S (2004), "Disorders of eating: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder", in Shader, R I (ed.), Manual of psychiatric therapeutics, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0781744598
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