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The '''Flora of [[Western Australia]]''' comprises 9437 published native [[vascular plant]] [[species]] of 1543 [[genus|genera]] within 226 [[Family (biology)|families]], there are also 1171 naturalised alien or invasive plant species more commonly known as [[weeds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/statistics/|title=Current Statistics - Vascular Flora|work=Western Australian Flora Statistics|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=2008-08-30}}</ref> There is an estimated 150,000 [[Cryptogam]] species or non vascular plants which include [[Lichens]], and [[Fungi]] though only 1786 species have been published, with 948 [[Algae]] and 672 lichen making up the majority of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/statistics/index-crypto.php|title=Preliminary Statistics - June 2008|work=Western Australian Cryptogam Statistics|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=2008-08-30}}</ref>
{{Taxobox
| name = Pegasoferae
| fossil_range =
| image = 00296 zebra.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Plains Zebra]]s
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Eutheria]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Laurasiatheria]]
| superordo = '''Pegasoferae'''
| ordo_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision =
[[Carnivora]]<br />
[[Chiroptera]]<br />
[[Perissodactyla]] <br />
[[Pholidota]]
}}


==History==
'''Pegasoferae''' is a recently proposed [[superorder]] of [[mammal]]s based on [[genomics|genomic]] research in [[molecular systematics]] by Nishihara, Hasegawa and Okada (2006). To the surprise of the authors, their data led them to propose a [[clade]] that includes bats (order [[Chiroptera]]), carnivores such as cats and dogs (order [[Carnivora]]), horses and other [[odd-toed ungulates]] (order [[Perissodactyla]]) and pangolins (order [[Pholidota]]) as springing from a single [[evolution]]ary origin within the mammals. According to this, the odd-toed ungulates closest living relatives are the carnivorans. Earlier theories of mammalian evolution would, for example, have aligned bats with the [[insectivora|insectivores]] (order [[Eulipotyphla]]) and horses with the [[even-toed ungulates]] (order [[Artiodactyla]]). [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/classification/Ungulates.shtml]. Subsequent molecular studies have failed to support Pegasoferae (Matthee et al., 2007; Springer et al., 2007).
[[Indigenous Australians]] have a long history with the flora of Western Australia. They have for over 50,000 years obtained detailed information on most plants. The information includes its uses as sources for food, shelter, tools and medicine. As Indigenous Australians only passed the knowledge along orally or by example most of this information has been lost, along many of the names they gave the flora. It wasnt until Europeans started to explore Western Australia that systematic written details of the flora commenced.<ref name="WA Flora" />


===1690's to 1829===
The name Pegasoferae was coined from the name of the mythological flying horse [[Pegasus]] to refer to bats and horses, and the term [[Ferae]], encompassing carnivorans and pangolins.
The first scientific collection of flora from Western Australia was by [[William Dampier]] near [[Shark Bay, Western Australia|Shark Bay]] and in the [[Dampier Archipelago]] in 1699.<ref name="Dampier">{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last= Bach |first= J |authorlink=|year= 1966 |id= A010265b |title= Dampier, William (1651 - 1715) |accessdate= 2008-08-24}}</ref> This collection is housed in the [[Fielding Druce Herbarium]], of the 24 species collected 15 were published by [[John Ray]] and [[Leonard Plukenet]]. There were two species of Western Australian flora published in 1768 by Burman that are thought to have been collected by [[Willem de Vlamingh]] during his exploration of the area around the [[Swan River, Western Australia|Swan River]] in 1697.N<ref name="WA Flora">{{cite book|last=Paczkowska|first=Grazyna|coauthors=Chapman|others=Alex|title=The Western Australian Flora|publisher=Wildflower Society of Western Australia: a descriptive catalogue|location=Nedlands, Western Australia|date=2000|isbn=0 646 40243 9}}</ref>


In September 1791 [[Archibald Menzies]] collected specimens around the [[King George Sound]] area while on the [[Vancouver Expedition]]. French [[Botany|botanist]] [[Jacques Labillardiere]] in December 1792 as part of the d'Entrecasteaux expedition collected specimens in the Esperance area before the expedition went onto explore parts of Tasmania. Between 1801-1803 [[Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour]] was the botanist on [[Baudin expedition of 1800 to 1802|Baudins exploration]] of the WA coast. Labillardiere used the specimens collected to publish the two volume ''[[Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen]]'' in 1804 and 1807, 105 of the species originally name by Labillardiere were still in use in 2000.<ref name="WA Flora" />
{{Laurasiatheria Cladogram}}


While Baudin was exploring the coast with Jean Leschenault de la Tour taking specimens, botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]] was with [[Matthew Flinders]] in the ''Investigator'' circumnavigating Australia. During this voyage Brown collected over 600 specimens from Western Australia between December 1801 and January 1802 and from a short stopover in 1803 before returning to England. On returning to England using the specimens he collected and those of other collectors Brown went on to publish ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae]]'' in 1810. This along with further publications in 1814 and 1849 Brown created many of the now readily recognisable names of Western Australian flora like ''[[Leschenaultia]]'' which was named after Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour, ''[[Caladenia]]'', and ''[[Dryandra]]'', in January 2000 over 800 of the species published by Brown are still current. <ref name="WA Flora" />
⚫
==References==
[[Image:King-map.jpg|thumb|Map of the voyages of King]]
*Matthee, C. A., G. Eick, et al. (2007). Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42'', 827-837.
With increasing interest in the western third of Australia more botanist where able to collect specimens while on various voyages. [[Allan Cunningham]] was aboard the ''Mermiaid'' in [[Phillip Parker King|King's]] surveys between 1817 and 1822 of the West Australian coast, Cunninghams collects include significant specimens from the northern areas of Western Australia. It was with the establishment of an outpost at King George Sound in 1827 and the founding of the [[Swan River Colony]] in 1829 that opened Western Australia up to exploration by botanists.<ref name="WA Flora" /><ref>{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|Link=http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogCl-Cu.html#cunningham1|Last=Cunningham|First=Allan}}</ref>
*Nishihara, H., Hasegawa, M., & Okada, N. (2006). Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103'', 9929-9934.
*Springer M.S., Burk-Herrick A., Meredith R., Eizirik, E., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S.J., and Murphy, W.J. (2007). The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals ''Systematic Biology 56'', 673-684.


==External links==
===1829 to 1900===
[[Image:Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg|thumb|title page from volume five of ''Flora Australiensis'']]
* [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0603797103v1 Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions]
After settlement in 1829 Western Australia, particularly the [[Southwest Australia|south west]] was more accessible to botanist. During the 1830's-1840's among them [[Stephen Endlicher]], [[John Lindley]], [[Johann Lehmann]] and [[Ludwig Preiss]]. The botanist depended on local settlers [[James Drummond (botanist)|James Drummond]], [[George Maxwell]] and many more both during their stay as well afterward for further specimens and observations.<ref name="WA Flora" /> From December 1838 through to January 1842 Preiss collected approxiamately 200,000 plant specimens including specimens purchased from settlers like Drummond. [[Naturalist]] [[John Gilbert]] employed by [[John Gould]] to collect specimens in Western Australia was dismayed at the prices he was paying.<ref name="Ludwig">{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last= Calaby |first= J.H |authorlink=|year= 1967 |id= A020304b |title= Preiss, Johann August Ludwig (1811 - 1883) |accessdate= 2008-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/preiss-ludwig.html|title=Preiss, J.A. Ludwig (1811 - 1883)|last=Orchard|first=A.E|date=1999|work=A History of Systematic Botany in Australia|pages=Vol.1, 2nd ed|accessdate=2008-08-24}}</ref>


In 1863 [[George Bentham]] published the first volume of a seven volume series called ''[[Flora Australiensis]]'' which included descriptions for 8,125 taxa. This was the first detailed account of [[Flora of Australia|Australian flora]] which included many Western Australian species as the work covered the relationship between many of the larger plant families which occurred as cross the continent. As Bentham had never been to Australia he based all his work on the material all ready collected, assisted by [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria's]] colonial botanist. Mueller made two visits to WA in 1867 and 1871 to collect material 1,122 of the Western Australian species describe by Mueller are still in use. In 1882 and revised in 1889 Mueller produced a census of WA flora in which he listed 3,560 individual species.<ref name="WA Flora" /><ref name = "Orchard">Orchard, A. E. 1999. Introduction. In A. E. Orchard, ed. ''Flora of Australia - Volume 1'', 2nd edition pp 1-9. Australian Biological Resources Study ISBN 0-643-05965-2</ref>
[[Category:Mammals]]


===1901 onwards===
[[ca:Pegasofera]]
During 1900-01 [[Ludwig Deils]] and [[Ernst Pritzel]] collected around 5700 specimens, publishing an account of the speciemens in 1904-05 which included 200 new species. In 1906 Deils published the first ecological regions for Western Australia flora in which he divided the state into three biological provinces. J.J.East in 1912 as part of the ''[[Cyclopedia of Western Australia]]'' wrote an essay which noted that 4,166 plant species had been identified, and included the three biological provinces described by Diels.<ref name="WA Flora" />
[[de:Pegasoferae]]

[[es:Pegasoferae]]
After Federation in 1901 many new government departments began small herbaria these were run by botanists like [[Alexander Morrison]], [[Frederick Stoward]] and [[Desmond Herbert]]. These departments contributed to local history journals along with other collectors [[William Fitzgerald]] who in 1918 published an extensive work on the botany of the Kimberleys. In 1928 the amalgamation of the Forresty departments and the Agricultural departments herbaria formed the [[Western Australian Herbarium|state herbarium]].<ref name="WA Flora" />
[[nl:Pegasoferae]]

[[pt:Pegasoferae]]
with [[Charles Gardner]] being appointed Government Botanist
[[sv:Pegasoferae]]

⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 12:45, 13 October 2008

The Flora of Western Australia comprises 9437 published native vascular plant species of 1543 genera within 226 families, there are also 1171 naturalised alien or invasive plant species more commonly known as weeds.[1] There is an estimated 150,000 Cryptogam species or non vascular plants which include Lichens, and Fungi though only 1786 species have been published, with 948 Algae and 672 lichen making up the majority of them.[2]

History

Indigenous Australians have a long history with the flora of Western Australia. They have for over 50,000 years obtained detailed information on most plants. The information includes its uses as sources for food, shelter, tools and medicine. As Indigenous Australians only passed the knowledge along orally or by example most of this information has been lost, along many of the names they gave the flora. It wasnt until Europeans started to explore Western Australia that systematic written details of the flora commenced.[3]

1690's to 1829

The first scientific collection of flora from Western Australia was by William Dampier near Shark Bay and in the Dampier Archipelago in 1699.[4] This collection is housed in the Fielding Druce Herbarium, of the 24 species collected 15 were published by John Ray and Leonard Plukenet. There were two species of Western Australian flora published in 1768 by Burman that are thought to have been collected by Willem de Vlamingh during his exploration of the area around the Swan River in 1697.N[3]

In September 1791 Archibald Menzies collected specimens around the King George Sound area while on the Vancouver Expedition. French botanist Jacques Labillardiere in December 1792 as part of the d'Entrecasteaux expedition collected specimens in the Esperance area before the expedition went onto explore parts of Tasmania. Between 1801-1803 Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour was the botanist on Baudins exploration of the WA coast. Labillardiere used the specimens collected to publish the two volume Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen in 1804 and 1807, 105 of the species originally name by Labillardiere were still in use in 2000.[3]

While Baudin was exploring the coast with Jean Leschenault de la Tour taking specimens, botanist Robert Brown was with Matthew Flinders in the Investigator circumnavigating Australia. During this voyage Brown collected over 600 specimens from Western Australia between December 1801 and January 1802 and from a short stopover in 1803 before returning to England. On returning to England using the specimens he collected and those of other collectors Brown went on to publish Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae in 1810. This along with further publications in 1814 and 1849 Brown created many of the now readily recognisable names of Western Australian flora like Leschenaultia which was named after Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour, Caladenia, and Dryandra, in January 2000 over 800 of the species published by Brown are still current. [3]

Map of the voyages of King

With increasing interest in the western third of Australia more botanist where able to collect specimens while on various voyages. Allan Cunningham was aboard the Mermiaid in King's surveys between 1817 and 1822 of the West Australian coast, Cunninghams collects include significant specimens from the northern areas of Western Australia. It was with the establishment of an outpost at King George Sound in 1827 and the founding of the Swan River Colony in 1829 that opened Western Australia up to exploration by botanists.[3][5]

1829 to 1900

title page from volume five of Flora Australiensis

After settlement in 1829 Western Australia, particularly the south west was more accessible to botanist. During the 1830's-1840's among them Stephen Endlicher, John Lindley, Johann Lehmann and Ludwig Preiss. The botanist depended on local settlers James Drummond, George Maxwell and many more both during their stay as well afterward for further specimens and observations.[3] From December 1838 through to January 1842 Preiss collected approxiamately 200,000 plant specimens including specimens purchased from settlers like Drummond. Naturalist John Gilbert employed by John Gould to collect specimens in Western Australia was dismayed at the prices he was paying.[6][7]

In 1863 George Bentham published the first volume of a seven volume series called Flora Australiensis which included descriptions for 8,125 taxa. This was the first detailed account of Australian flora which included many Western Australian species as the work covered the relationship between many of the larger plant families which occurred as cross the continent. As Bentham had never been to Australia he based all his work on the material all ready collected, assisted by Ferdinand von Mueller Victoria's colonial botanist. Mueller made two visits to WA in 1867 and 1871 to collect material 1,122 of the Western Australian species describe by Mueller are still in use. In 1882 and revised in 1889 Mueller produced a census of WA flora in which he listed 3,560 individual species.[3][8]

1901 onwards

During 1900-01 Ludwig Deils and Ernst Pritzel collected around 5700 specimens, publishing an account of the speciemens in 1904-05 which included 200 new species. In 1906 Deils published the first ecological regions for Western Australia flora in which he divided the state into three biological provinces. J.J.East in 1912 as part of the Cyclopedia of Western Australia wrote an essay which noted that 4,166 plant species had been identified, and included the three biological provinces described by Diels.[3]

After Federation in 1901 many new government departments began small herbaria these were run by botanists like Alexander Morrison, Frederick Stoward and Desmond Herbert. These departments contributed to local history journals along with other collectors William Fitzgerald who in 1918 published an extensive work on the botany of the Kimberleys. In 1928 the amalgamation of the Forresty departments and the Agricultural departments herbaria formed the state herbarium.[3]

with Charles Gardner being appointed Government Botanist

References

  1. ^ "Current Statistics - Vascular Flora". Western Australian Flora Statistics. Flora Base. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  2. ^ "Preliminary Statistics - June 2008". Western Australian Cryptogam Statistics. Flora Base. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Paczkowska, Grazyna (2000). The Western Australian Flora. Alex. Nedlands, Western Australia: Wildflower Society of Western Australia: a descriptive catalogue. ISBN 0 646 40243 9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Bach, J (1966). "Dampier, William (1651 - 1715)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  5. ^ Serle, Percival (1949). "Cunningham, Allan". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
  6. ^ Calaby, J.H (1967). "Preiss, Johann August Ludwig (1811 - 1883)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  7. ^ Orchard, A.E (1999). "Preiss, J.A. Ludwig (1811 - 1883)". A History of Systematic Botany in Australia. pp. Vol.1, 2nd ed. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  8. ^ Orchard, A. E. 1999. Introduction. In A. E. Orchard, ed. Flora of Australia - Volume 1, 2nd edition pp 1-9. Australian Biological Resources Study ISBN 0-643-05965-2
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