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==New Romania-related articles found by [[User:AlexNewArtBot|bot]]==
{{Otheruses1|the U.S. state}}
{{US state |
Name = Pennsylvania|
<noinclude>
Fullname = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|
{{feedback}}
Flag = Flag of Pennsylvania.svg |
[[Category:Newpage bot search results|Romania]]
Flaglink = [[Flag of Pennsylvania]] |
</noinclude>
Seal = Pennsylvania state seal.png |
Map = Map_of_USA_PA.svg |
[[User:AlexNewArtBot/RomaniaSearchResult/archive|Archives]] of this page
Nickname = Keystone State, Quaker State,<br/>Coal State, Oil State, State of Independence |
*{{la|Mid-European Union}} by {{User|Pnoble805}} started at 07:39, 12 October 2008
Motto = Virtue, Liberty and Independence|
*{{la|List of world trade centers}} by {{User|Rehman Abubakr}} started at 01:41, 12 October 2008
Capital = [[Harrisburg]] |
*{{la|Caius Brediceanu}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 01:01, 12 October 2008
LargestCity = [[Philadelphia]] |
*{{la|Marius Negrea}} by {{User|Awartha}} started at 23:15, 11 October 2008
LargestMetro = [[Delaware Valley]] |
*{{la|Martinescu}} by {{User|Bogdangiusca}} started at 17:21, 11 October 2008
Demonym = Pennsylvanian |
*{{la|Transylvania University of Braşov}} by {{User|Simiprof}} started at 14:12, 11 October 2008
Governor = [[Ed Rendell]] (D)|
*{{la|Dobri Voynikov}} by {{User|TodorBozhinov}} started at 13:34, 11 October 2008
Lieutenant Governor = [[Catherine Baker Knoll]] (D) |
*{{la|Cristian Tudor}} by {{User|Karaboom}} started at 13:05, 11 October 2008
Senators = [[Arlen Specter]] (R)<br/>[[Bob Casey, Jr.]] (D) |
*{{la|Ghervazen Longher}} by {{User|DanielMyśl}} started at 12:59, 11 October 2008
Date of statehood: December 12, 1787 |
*{{la|Cristina Elena Grigoraş}} by {{User|Lulubon}} started at 10:15, 11 October 2008
PostalAbbreviation = PA |
*{{la|Sergiu Paşcenco}} by {{User|Karaboom}} started at 05:33, 11 October 2008
TradAbbreviation = Penn. or Penna. |
*{{la|Victor Filotti}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 02:26, 11 October 2008
State Motto = [[Virtue]], [[Liberty]], and [[Independence]] |
*{{la|Raoul V. Bossy}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 01:58, 11 October 2008
State Song = ''Pennsylvania'' |
*{{la|Quince cheese}} by {{User|Warrington}} started at 21:33, 10 October 2008
PopRank = 6<sup>th</sup> |
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2000Pop (old) = 12,281,054 |
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2000Pop = 12,432,792 (2007 est.)<ref>http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html 2007 Population Estimates</ref> |
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DensityRank = 10<sup>th</sup> |
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2000DensityUS = 274.02 |
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2000Density = 105.80 |
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AreaRank = 33<sup>rd</sup> |
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TotalAreaUS = 46,055 |
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TotalArea = 119,283 |
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LandAreaUS = 44,816|
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LandArea = 116,074 |
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WaterAreaUS = 1,239 |
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WaterArea = 3,208 |
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PCWater = 2.7 |
*{{la|Stadionul Prefab}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 14:15, 10 October 2008
AdmittanceOrder = 2<sup>nd</sup> |
*{{la|Stadionul Forex}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 14:08, 10 October 2008
AdmittanceDate = December 12, 1787 |
*{{la|Stadionul Marin Anastasovici}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 14:04, 10 October 2008
TimeZone = [[North American Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]] |
*{{la|Stadionul Delta}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 14:01, 10 October 2008
Longitude = 74°41′ W to 80°31′ W |
*{{la|Stadionul Ilie Oană}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 13:41, 10 October 2008
Latitude = 39°43′ N to 42°16′ N |
*{{la|Stadionul Concordia}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 13:36, 10 October 2008
WidthUS = 280 |
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Width = 455 |
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LengthUS = 160 |
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Length = 255 |
*{{la|Stadionul Municipal (Botoşani)}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 12:39, 10 October 2008
HighestPoint = [[Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)|Mount Davis]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =April 29, 2005 | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref> |
*{{la|Ana-Maria Avram}} by {{User|Ioana170175}} started at 11:50, 10 October 2008
HighestElevUS = 3,213 |
*{{la|CallCentreOnline.com}} by {{User|Callcentreonline}} started at 08:59, 10 October 2008
HighestElev = 979 |
*{{la|Mircea Stan}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 08:21, 10 October 2008
MeanElevUS = 1,099 |
*{{la|Dimitrie I. Ghika}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 01:55, 10 October 2008
MeanElev = 335 |
*{{la|List of foreign football players in Israel}} by {{User|Maccabi Netanya Rules}} started at 20:50, 9 October 2008
LowestPoint = [[Delaware River]]<ref name=usgs/> |
*{{la|Florian Dan Lăcustă}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 20:47, 9 October 2008
LowestElevUS = 0 |
*{{la|Ionuţ Badea}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 20:26, 9 October 2008
LowestElev = 0 |
*{{la|Iulian Tameş}} by {{User|Vlad9}} started at 18:17, 9 October 2008
ISOCode = US-PA |
*{{la|Avraham Yasky}} by {{User|Ralbag}} started at 18:07, 9 October 2008
Website = www.pa.gov
*{{la|Crăciun}} by {{User|Alex contributing from L.A.}} started at 17:59, 9 October 2008
}}
*{{la|Andrzej Przeworski}} by {{User|PS11}} started at 17:05, 9 October 2008
The '''Commonwealth of Pennsylvania''' ({{Audio-IPA|en-us-Pennsylvania.ogg|/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/}}), often colloquially referred to as '''PA''' (its abbreviation) by natives and Northeasterners, is a [[U.S. state|state]] located in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]] and [[Mid-Atlantic States|Middle Atlantic]] regions of the United States. The state borders [[Delaware]] and [[Maryland]] to the south, [[West Virginia]] to the southwest, [[Ohio]] to the west, [[New York]] and Canada to the north, and [[New Jersey]] to the east.
*{{la|Florin (name)}} by {{User|Alex contributing from L.A.}} started at 13:20, 9 October 2008

*{{la|Vasile Grigorcea}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 02:18, 9 October 2008
Pennsylvania has been known as the [[keystone (architecture)|''Keystone'']] ''State'' since 1802,<ref name=symbols>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 PHMC: State Symbols]</ref> based in part upon its central location among the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] forming the United States.<ref name=symbols /> It was also a keystone state ''economically'', having both the industry common to the [[Northern United States|North]], making such wares as [[Conestoga wagons]]<ref>[http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s2002mar.htm Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002]</ref> and [[Long rifle|rifles]],<ref>[http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm Lancaster rifle]</ref> and the agriculture common to the [[Southern United States|South]], producing feed, fiber, food, and [[tobacco]].<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31 PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania]</ref>
*{{la|Water Tower of Chişinău}} by {{User|Giku}} started at 22:38, 8 October 2008

*{{la|Periferic}} by {{User|Lzsuzs}} started at 20:44, 8 October 2008
Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the [[Religious Society of Friends|''Quaker'']] ''State''; in colonial times, it was known officially as the ''[[Province of Pennsylvania|Quaker Province]]'',<ref>[http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/dgs/lib/dgs/pa_manual/section1/the_quaker_province_1681-1776.pdf#search=%22quaker%20province%20%22 The Quaker Province]</ref> in recognition of Quaker<ref>[http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml William Penn, Quaker]</ref> [[William Penn]]'s ''[[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|First Frame of Government]]''<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm Frame of Government]</ref> [[constitution]] for Pennsylvania that guaranteed [[Freedom (political)|liberty]] of [[conscience]]. He knew of the hostility<ref> Pennsylvania translates to "Penn's Woods" and was named after the father of William Penn, the founder of the colony. [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=240 Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers]</ref> Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious [[Wiktionary:frippery|frippery]].<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31 The Quaker Province 1681–1776]</ref>
*{{la|TVR3}} by {{User|ES Vic}} started at 18:47, 8 October 2008

*{{la|Xpress Movers}} by {{User|Mvpsoft}} started at 12:19, 8 October 2008
Pennsylvania has {{convert|51|mi|km|0}}<ref>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm National Parks Service: Our Fourth Shore]</ref> of coastline along [[Lake Erie]] and {{convert|57|mi|km|0}}<ref>[http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/pa.html NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources]</ref> of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. [[Philadelphia]] is Pennsylvania's largest city and is home to a major seaport and shipyards on the [[Delaware River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philaport.com/history.htm |title=Philadelphia Regional Port Authority: History |accessdate=2006-12-11}}</ref>
*{{la|Eyekon}} by {{User|EyeKon emcee}} started at 09:04, 8 October 2008

*{{la|Tour of the Universe (Depeche Mode Tour)}} by {{User|Infuriated-Z}} started at 09:03, 8 October 2008
==Geography==
*{{la|Bogdan Cristinoiu}} by {{User|The Silver Wind}} started at 06:54, 8 October 2008
{{see|Geography of Pennsylvania|List of Pennsylvania counties}}
*{{la|Constantin Antoniade}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 03:47, 8 October 2008
[[Image:National-atlas-pennsylvania.png|thumb|300px|right|Map of Pennsylvania, showing major cities and roads]]
*{{la|Constantin Langa-Răşcanu}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 01:47, 8 October 2008
Pennsylvania is {{convert|170|mi|km|0}} north to south and {{convert|283|mi|km|0}} east to west.<ref name=pageo>[http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm Pennsylvania geography]</ref> Of a total {{convert|46055|sqmi|km2|0}}, {{convert|44817|sqmi|km2|0}} are land, {{convert|490|sqmi|km2|0}} are inland waters and {{convert|749|sqmi|km2|0}} are waters in Lake Erie.<ref name=statabs>[http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/06s0347.xls 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use]</ref> It is the [[List of U.S. states by area|33rd largest state]] in the United States.<ref>[http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml Pennsylvania Time Zone]</ref>
*{{la|Huta Pass}} by {{User|Hans-Peter.Fuchs}} started at 19:20, 7 October 2008

*{{la|Theodor Emandi}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 00:19, 7 October 2008
[[Image:Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif|thumb|left|Counties of Pennsylvania]]
*{{la|Dimitrie Drăghicescu}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 21:42, 6 October 2008

*{{la|Cetatea-Albă County}} by {{User|Cemsentin1}} started at 20:55, 6 October 2008
The bounds of the state are the [[Mason-Dixon Line]] (39° 43' N) in the south, the [[Delaware River]] in east, 80° 31' W on the west, and the 42° N parallel on the north, with the exception of a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie. Pennsylvania borders six other states: [[New York]] to the north; [[New Jersey]] to the east; [[Delaware]] and [[Maryland]] southeast; [[West Virginia]] southwest, and finally [[Ohio]] to the west.
*{{la|FC Argeş Piteşti season 2008–09}} by {{User|Mishoo89}} started at 19:56, 6 October 2008

*{{la|Domnica Radulescu}} by {{User|Nora815}} started at 17:22, 6 October 2008
It has cities of Philadelphia in the south-east, [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] in the south-west, [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]] in the north east, and [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] in the north-west, with state capitol [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] on the Susquehanna River in the central region of the commonwealth.
*{{la|Vangelis discography}} by {{User|Utan Vax}} started at 15:34, 6 October 2008

*{{la|Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War}} by {{User|Tenmei}} started at 04:27, 6 October 2008
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
*{{la|UNICA - The Institutional Network of the UNIversities from the CApitals of Europe}} by {{User|UNICA NETWORK}} started at 08:10, 6 October 2008

*{{la|FC Argeş v Gaz Metan}} by {{User|Mishoo89}} started at 07:42, 6 October 2008
==Climate==
*{{la|Victor Cădere}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 03:39, 6 October 2008
{{Main article|Climate of Pennsylvania}}
*{{la|Nicolae Lahovary}} by {{User|Afil}} started at 02:31, 6 October 2008
Pennsylvania's diverse geography also produces an variety of climates. Straddling two major zones, the southeastern corner of the state has the warmest climate. Greater [[Philadelphia]] lies at the southernmost tip of the [[humid continental climate]] zone, with some characteristics of the [[humid subtropical climate]] that lies in [[Delaware]] and [[Maryland]] to the south. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the climate becomes markedly colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and winter snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly cities near [[Lake Erie]], can receive over {{convert|100|in|cm}} of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful rainfall throughout the year.

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities in Fahrenheit
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="30" | City
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Scranton
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 34/18
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 37/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 47/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 59/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71/48
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 78/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/53
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/24
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Erie
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36/21
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 45/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 56/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 67/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 61/46
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/27
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA;; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Pittsburgh
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 37/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/21
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 50/29
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71/48
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 85/62
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/53
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/25
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Harrisburg
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 38/23
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 41/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 63/42
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 73/51
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/57
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/45
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/28
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Philadelphia
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42/28
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 62/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/55
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 77/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 66/49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 55/40
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 44/31
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|[http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA1276?from=search Philadelphia], [http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA1459?from=search Scranton], [http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA0679?from=search Harrisburg], [http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA1290?from=search Pittsburgh], [http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPA0509?from=search Erie]
|}
{{clear}}

{{seealso|Climate change in Pennsylvania}}

==History==<!-- This section is linked from [[Iroquois]] -->
{{main|History of Pennsylvania}}
Before the Commonwealth was settled, the area was home to the [[Lenape|Delaware]] (also known as Lenni Lenape), [[Susquehannock]], [[Iroquois]], [[Eries]], [[Shawnee]], and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes.<ref>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pennsylvania/ Pennsylvania Indian tribes]</ref>

[[Image:JohnDickinson.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]]]]

In 1681, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] granted a land charter<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa01.htm Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania]</ref> to [[William Penn]], to repay a debt of £20,000 ($20,000,000 in today’s money) owed to William's father, [[Admiral]] [[William Penn (admiral)|Penn]]. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.<ref name=quapoly>[http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html Quakers and the political process]</ref> It was called Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods", in honor of Admiral Penn. William Penn, who had wanted his province to be named "Sylvania", was embarrassed at the change, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.

Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission, and freedom of religious conviction.<ref name=quapoly />

Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called [[Colonial Scrip]]. The Colony issued "bills of credit" which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. [[Benjamin Franklin]] had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed, and it also received the high praise of [[Adam Smith]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

After the [[Stamp Act Congress]] of 1765, Delegate [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] wrote the ''Declaration of Rights and Grievances''. The Congress was the first meeting of the [[thirteen colonies]], called at the request of the [[Massachusetts]] Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765]</ref> Dickinson then wrote ''Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies'', which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.<ref>[http://18thcenturyreadingroom.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_18thcenturyreadingroom_archive.html Dickinson Letters]</ref>

When the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were to convene in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the [[First Continental Congress]].<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774]</ref> The First Continental Congress drew up and signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in Philadelphia,<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html Library of Congress: Primary documents — The Declaration of Independence]</ref> but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to [[York, Pennsylvania|York]]. There they drew up the [[Articles of Confederation]] that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm Nine Capitals of the United States]</ref>

Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the [[U.S. Constitution]] on December 12, 1787,<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787]</ref> five days after [[Delaware]] became the first.

[[Image:HillsCapitol.jpg|right|frame|The "Redbrick Capitol", used from 1821 until it burned down in 1897]]

[[Dickinson College]] of [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]] was the first college founded in the United States. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] on September 9, 1783. The school was founded by [[Benjamin Rush]] and named after John Dickinson.

For half a century, the Commonwealth's legislature met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.<ref name=legiscap>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm Pennsylvania's Capitals]</ref> But it needed a more central location, as for example the [[Paxton Boys]] massacres of 1763 had made them aware. So, in 1799 the legislature moved to the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] Courthouse,<ref name=legiscap/> and finally in 1812 to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].<ref name=legiscap /> The legislature met in the old [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] Court House until December 1821,<ref name=legiscap/> when the ''Redbrick Capitol'' was finished. It burned down in 1897, presumably because of a faulty [[flue]].<ref name=legiscap/> The legislature met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing), until the present capitol was finished in 1907.<ref name=legiscap/>

The [[Pennsylvania State Capitol|new state Capitol]] drew rave reviews.<ref name=legiscap/> Its dome was inspired by the domes of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] and the United States Capitol.<ref name=legiscap/> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] called it the "the most beautiful state Capitol in the nation", and said "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, the ''[[New York Times]]'' praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life".<ref name=legiscap/>

Pennsylvania accounts for 9% of all wooded areas in the United States.

[[James Buchanan]], of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], was the only bachelor [[President of the United States]].<ref name="jimbo">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html James Buchanan White House biography]</ref> The [[Battle of Gettysburg]] — the major turning point of the Civil War — took place near [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]].<ref>[http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg Battle of Gettysburg]</ref> An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the [[Union Army]] forces along with 8,600 [[African American]] [[military volunteer]]s.<ref name=PAFacts2003/>

Pennsylvania was also the home of the first commercially drilled oil well. In 1859, near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]], [[Edwin L. Drake]] successfully drilled the well, which led to the first major oil boom in United States history.
{{See also|List of Pennsylvania firsts | List of people from Pennsylvania}}

'''Better Information'''
Pennsylvania
The idea of founding a separate colony in America as a refuge for persecuted Quakers was not original with William Penn, but with George Fox, the founder of the sect. Fox was a man of intense religious fervor and of wonderful personal magnetism. Greatly trouble in conscience, he sought rest for his unquiet soul in the Established Church, then among the Dissenters, and finally, after a most diligent study of the Bible, he felt that the "inner light" had dawned upon him, and he went forth to preach to the world. He began preaching at the age of twenty years, in 1644, the year in which William Penn was born. His sincerity was unquestioned and his fervor was contagious; he became the found of a sect, the prime actor of one of the greatest religious movements of the seventeenth century. The times seemed ripe for such an awakening, and within forty years from the time that Fox began preaching his followers numbered seventy thousand.

The Quakers refused to recognize all social ranks, or to pay taxes to carry on wars, and they met with great opposition from the beginning; their meetings were often dispersed by armed men; an act of Parliament pronounced them a "mischievous and dangerous people." It was not long until the Quakers, driven by persecution, began to migrate to America. Their reception in Massachusetts and elsewhere was anything but cordial, and this led them to turn their attention to founding a colony of their own. Most of the followers of Fox were from the lower walks of life, and they were greatly elated when the talented young son of Admiral Penn, a personal friend of the king, became an open convert to their society. The admiral at first stormed at his son for taking this step. The king was about to raise the elder Penn to the peerage, but when he heard that the son had become a Quaker, he drew back. This increased the fury of the father against his son. But his anger was short-lived; he at length forgave him, and William Penn soon became the most prominent Quaker in England. His experience in New Jersey we have noted; but owing to the various contentions of that colony with New York and to the want of clear land titles, home seekers were rather repelled than invited, and Penn cast a wistful eye to the fair lands beyond the Delaware.

The king of England was indebted to Admiral Penn to the sum of £16,000, and William Penn, on the death of his father, inherited the claim. At Penn's request King Charles granted him, in payment of this claim, a tract of forty thousand square miles in America. In the petition to the king, dated June, 1680, Penn asked for the territory west of the Delaware River and from the northern boundary of Maryland to the north "as far as plantable, which is altogether Indian." It was the largest grant ever made to one man in America. The charter was granted the following March. Penn had chosen the name New Wales for his province, but the king called it Pennsylvania in memory of the deceased admiral.1

The dispute between Lord Baltimore and Penn began the same year in which the charter was granted, the former claiming that the fortieth degree fell north of Philadelphia, whereas the king in granting the charter had supposed it would fall at the head of Delaware Bay. Penn therefore insisted that the line be fixed where it was supposed to be, and, after a long contention, the matter was settled in his favor. The boundary line, however, was not determined until many years later -- long after Penn and Baltimore were in their graves. It was not until 1767 that two English surveyors, Mason and Dixon, completed this line, which has since borne their names, and which, after acquiring a new meaning, became the most famous boundary line in the New World.2

Of all the colony builders of America the most famous in our history is Penn. Nor was he excelled by any in sincerity of purpose and loftiness of aim. His province was a princely domain, a vast fertile region traversed by beautiful rivers and lofty mountain ranges, and holding beneath the soil a wealth of minerals unequaled for it was one vast forest, extending from the Delaware over the Appalachia Mountain system, down its western slope and far into the Ohio Valley. It was inhabited by Indians alone, except for a few Swedish hamlets along the lower Delaware, the inhabitants of which, some five hundred in number, Penn pronounced a "strong, industrious people." Penn was granted ample power for the government of his new possessions, the king requiring, as a token of allegiance, two beaver skins each year, and also a fifth of the gold and silver that might be mined. In this feature the charter reminds us of the charter of Maryland. The proprietor was clothed with the power to establish courts, appoint judges, to train soldiers, to wage wars, and to make laws; but the king retained the veto power, and, unlike all the other colonial charters, the power of taxing the people of the colony was reserved to the English Parliament. This provision remained a dead letter until the approach of the Revolution, when it became very significant.3 A strange omission of this charter was that it did not guarantee the settlers the rights of Englishmen, as did the other charters. To gain an outlet to the sea Penn purchased of the Duke of York the three counties of Delaware, as we have seen.

That Penn was a religious enthusiast and a true philanthropist is well known; that he was a man of the world whose secondary object, private gain, was never lost sight of, is not so well known, but equally true.4 His venture in colony planting was soon published widely over England. He drew up a frame of government and offered a liberal share of the government to the colonists. He also offered five thousand acres for one hundred pounds and one hundred acres for two pounds, subject to a small quitrent, and it was not long till many were ready to join the enterprise. Penn appointed his relative, William Markham, the first governor of Pennsylvania, and in the autumn of 1681 sent him ahead with three shiploads of emigrants. Markham bore an affectionate letter from the proprietor to the Swedes in which he said, "You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and if you will, a sober, industrious people."

The year after Markham's voyage Penn himself followed him to the New World in the ship Welcome. The passengers numbered about a hundred, one third of whom died of smallpox on the ocean. The Welcome sailed up the Delaware and landed at New Castle in the autumn of 1682. Penn was received with a cordial greeting by the inhabitants; he produced his royal patent, which transferred the territory from the duke to himself, and spoke so kindly to the people that he readily won their hearts. Reaching Chester, he called a provisional legislature, and some time was spent in allotting lands and framing laws. Proceeding up the Delaware, he came to the site on which was to rise the city of Philadelphia, soon to become the chief city in colonial America, and in a later generation the birthplace of independence and of the Constitution of the United States. Here already stood a Swedish village, and a Lutheran church at Wicaco,5 and here Penn decided to build a city and make it the capital of his province. He purchased from the Swedes the neck of land between the Delaware and the Schuylkill rivers, and in the early months of 1683 the streets of the new city were laid out. The growth of Philadelphia was phenomenal. In less than four years it had passed New York, which had been founded sixty years before.

It was a few months after this time that Penn made his famous treaty with the Indians under a great elm tree on the banks of the Delaware, a short distance north of the newly founded city.6 The Indians were of the Delaware or Lenni-Lenape tribe. The chiefs sat in a semicircle on the ground, says tradition,7 while Penn, with a few unarmed attendants, all in their Quaker garb, addressed them as friends and brothers, compared the white and red men to the different members of the human body, and made a pledge to live in peace and friendship with them. These children of the forest were deeply touched by the sincerity and open candor of the great Englishman, and they answered through a chief that they would "live in love with William Penn and his children as long as the sun and moon gave light."

These mutual vows constituted the treat; no written words were required and no oath was taken. Yet this sacred treaty was kept unbroken till long after those who had made it had passed away. It was said that the Quaker dress was a better protection among the Indians than a musket, and that when an Indian wished to pay the highest compliment to a white man, he would say, "He is like William Penn."8

In the early spring of 1683 the legislature of the colony met in Philadelphia. The proprietor presented a new frame of government, giving all power of lawmaking into the hands of the people represented by a council which should originate all laws and an assembly that should approve them. All freemen were made citizens and all Christians were freemen, except servants and convicts. A law passed united the "Lower counties" to Pennsylvania and naturalizing the Swedes. Penn was voted the veto power for life. Laws were made for the training of children, the useful employment of criminals, religious toleration -- and all were in keeping with the human spirit of the proprietor. For some years the government was very unsettled.

Penn had established a home in Philadelphia, and there would he gladly have spent his life; but his trouble with Baltimore took home back to England in the summer of 1684, and his business kept him there for fifteen years. After the English Revolution Penn was suspected of giving aid and comfort to the dethroned monarch whose brother had granted him his charter, and in 1692 he was deprived of his colony. The control of Pennsylvania was then placed into the hands of Governor Fletcher of New York. But nearly two years later, the charges against Penn having been removed, his right to Pennsylvania was restored. In 1696 Markham granted a new frame of government, in which the power to originate legislation was taken from the council and given to the assembly. Again, in 1699, William Penn crossed the Atlantic to visit his growing family in the forest of Pennsylvania, and he found that vast changes had been wrought in his absence. Twenty thousand people had made their homes in his province. The city that he had founded was fast rising to importance, and the wilderness of the river valley was dotted with farms. Here he found not only his fellow Quakers, but Germans from the Rhine, Swedes, and Dutch, together laying the foundations of a great commonwealth.

The great-souled proprietor had been deeply humbled since last he saw the fair lands of Pennsylvania, -- he had lost his faithful wife and eldest son, he had lost his fortune, and he had borne the charge of treason against his native country. And now to these was added another sorrow -- the people of his province had been weaned away from him during the intervening years; he was no longer the "Father Penn" that he had been before; they clamored for even greater freedom than his generous soul had granted them at first, and to this was added the demand of Delaware for a separate government.9 Penn was grieved, but he granted these requests. He gave Delaware a separate legislature, and a new government to Pennsylvania. The form of government that Penn now conferred on his colonists practically transferred all power to the people, subject to their allegiance to the Crown, and the veto power of the governor. It eliminated the council as a legislative body, giving it but a negative influence as an advisory board to the governor. It also defined the rights of prisoners, granted liberty of conscience, and made provision for amendments. This constitution remained in force for seventy-five years -- to the War for Independence.

In 1701 Penn bade a final adieu to his beloved Pennsylvania and sailed again for his native land. But even now, after his long years of turmoil, it was not for him to spend his old age in rest and quiet. On reaching England, he found that he had been robbed of the remnant of his fortune by an unjust steward, and later he was thrown into prison for debt. In his earlier manhood he had suffered various imprisonments for conscience' sake, but now he chafed under confinement and to secure his release mortgaged his province in the New World. But still other misfortunes awaited him. He was stricken with paralysis, and for years he lay a helpless invalid, dying in 1718 at the age of seventy-four.

The character of Penn is one of the most admirable in history. It is difficult to find a man, especially one whose life is spent in the midst of political turmoil and governmental strife, so utterly incorruptible as was William Penn. When on the threshold of manhood, when the hot flush of youth was on his cheek, the blandishments of wealth and station and of royal favor beckoned him to a life of ease and pleasure; but he turned away from them all and chose to cast his lot with a despised people -- purely for conscience' sake. No allurements of Pharaoh's court, no threats of an angry father, nor frowning walls of a prison-cell could shake his high-born purpose to serve God in the way that seemed to him right. His life was full of light and shadow. He suffered much, but he also accomplished much -- far more than the age in which he lived was ready to acknowledge. He founded a government and based it on the eternal principle of equal human rights, with its sole object as the freedom and happiness of its people; and that alone was sufficient to give him a name in history.

Thirty-seven years elapsed between the founding of Pennsylvania and the death of the founder, and he spent but four of these years in America; yet we are wont to regard William Penn almost as truly an American as was Franklin or Washington, and in the annals of our country his name must ever hold a place among the immortals.

The growth of Pennsylvania was more rapid than that of any other of the thirteen colonies, and though it was the last founded save one, it soon came to rank with the most important, and at the coming of the Revolution it stood third in population. Penn had willed the colony to his three son, John, Thomas, and Richard, and these with their successors held it until after the Revolution. In the early part of the eighteenth century a great number of palatine Germans, driven from their homes by religious wars, found their way to Pennsylvania, settled Germantown (since absorbed by Philadelphia), and scattered over the Schuylkill and Lehigh valleys. The English were for a time alarmed at the influx of such numbers of a foreign people; but they were not long in discovering that these Germans were an industrious, peace-loving people, fairly educated, and, while wholly unostentatious, as sincerely religious as the Puritan or the Quaker.

Still greater during this period was the stream of Scotch-Irish from Ulster. These hardy Scotch Presbyterians, who had occupied northern Ireland for two or three generations, being curbed in their industries for the protection of English industries and annoyed by petty religious persecution, came to America in great numbers,10 -- so great as to form more than half the population of Pennsylvania, and to spare many thousands of their numbers to the southern colonies along the coast and the wilderness of Kentucky and Tennessee. In Pennsylvania they settled chiefly on the plains and mountain slopes west and south of the Susquehanna. These people, as well as the Germans and others, were attracted to Pennsylvania because of the liberal, humane government inaugurated by William Penn. Slavery was never popular in Pennsylvania, and the number of slaves was kept down by strict laws against their importation. Before the Revolution many of them had been set free by their masters. Of Redemptioners, mostly Germans and Irish, there were probably more in Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century than in any other colony. The majority of them, after their period of servitude, became useful citizens.

During the long period of her colonial youth we find in Pennsylvania the same kind of quarreling between the people and the governors, the same vagaries in issuing paper money, the same unbridled spirit of freedom, the same monotonous history, as we find in most of the other colonies. Among her governors we find in the early period no really great men, but in 1723 there arrived in Philadelphia a young man from Boston who soon rose to be the leading figure in the colony, and so he continued for more than half a century. This was Benjamin Franklin, who, it may be further said, was the greatest character of colonial America.


Footnotes

1Penn came near being the author of the name of his colony. When "New Wales" was abandoned he suggested "Sylvania" (from the Latin word "sylva," a forest) and the king added the prefix, "Penn.." [return]

2The province was to extend five degrees westward from the Delaware River; and "the said lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of Northern Latitude, and on the South by a Circle drawn at twelve miles distance from New Castle Northward and Westward unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude." (See Poore's "Charters," Vol. II, p. 1510.) Just what the "beginning of the three and fortieth" and the "beginning of the fortieth" degrees meant was not clear. Penn, finding that the fortieth degree fell too far north to give him a harbor on the Chesapeake, contended that the "beginning" of the fortieth degree did not mean the fortieth degree, and he won in part; but it cost him dearly, for, although the charter set the northern boundary at the "beginning of the forty-third degree," which would have thrown it north of Buffalo, was finally fixed at the forty-second degree. In 1732 the heirs of Penn and Baltimore signed an agreement that the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland be run due west from the tangent of the western boundary of Delaware with the arc twelve miles from New Castle. Many years of further wrangling followed, when it was decided to employ the two expert surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who fixed the line at 39° 44´ and extended it westward about 230 miles. At intervals of a mile small cut stones were set in the ground; each stone had a large "P" carved on the north side, and a "B" on the south side. Every five miles was placed a larger stone bearing the Pennsylvania coat of arms on one side and that of Lord Baltimore on the other. These stones were cut in England and afterward brought to the colonies. A few of them still stand, but time has crumbled many of them; others have been carried away piecemeal by relic hunters, and a few are doing service as steps before the doors of farmhouses along the route.
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; When Mason and Dixon's line was run both Pennsylvania and Maryland were slave colonies. In later years Pennsylvania emancipated her slaves, while Maryland retained hers and went with the South. During the half-century preceding the Civil War, the original limits and meaning of the line were lost sigh of; no one thought of it as a boundary between two states, but rather as the boundary between the free and slave states.[return]

3See Poore's, "Charters," p. 1515.[return]

4See Shepherd's "Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania," p. 174.[return]

5This church still stands near the bank of the Delaware, and is one of the most interesting landmarks in Philadelphia.[return]

6The city has long since absorbed the place. The elm was blown down in 1810, and a beautiful monument now marks the spot.[return]

7This tradition is doubtless based on Benjamin West's painting. See Fisher's "True William Penn," pp. 242-245. [return]

8Governor Markham had already treated with the Indians for the purchase of lands, and Penn, on various occasions after this meeting at Shackamaxon, made bargains with them for lands, the most famous of which was the "Walking Purchase." By this he was to receive a tract of land extending as far from the Delaware as a man could walk in three days. Penn and a few friends, with a body of Indians, walked about thirty miles in a day and a half and as he needed no more land at the time, the matter was left to be finished at some future time. (See Channing's "Students' History," p. 117.) In 1733, long after Penn's death, the other day and a half was walked out in a very different spirit. The whites employed the three fastest walkers that could be found, offering each five hundred acres of land. One of them was exhausted and died in a few days, another injured himself for life, but the third, a famous hunter named Marshall, walked over sixty miles in the day and a half, greatly to the chagrin of the Indians. See Walton and Brumbaugh's "Stories of Pennsylvania," p. 39.[return]

9Delaware had been granted a separate government as early as 1691, but the following year Governor Fletcher, of New York, reunited it to Pennsylvania.[return]

==Demographics==
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
{{US Demographics|state=Pennsylvania}}
The [[center of population]] of Pennsylvania is located in [[Perry County, Pennsylvania|Perry County]], in the borough of [[Duncannon, Pennsylvania|Duncannon]] [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].

As of 2006, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,440,621, which is an increase of 35,273 from the previous year, and an increase of 159,567 since the year 2000. Net [[Human migration|migration]] from other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] from other countries resulted in an increase of 126,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. In 2006, 5.00% of Pennsylvanians were foreign born (621,480 people).<ref>[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2004-04.pdf Components of Population Change]</ref> The state has an estimated 2005 poverty rate of 11.9%.<ref name=PAFacts /> The state also has the 3rd highest proportion of [[elderly]] (65+) citizens in 2005.<ref name=PAFacts />

Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), [[Latin America]] (30.6%), 5% coming from Africa, 3.1% coming from North America, and 0.4% coming from Oceania.

[[Image:Pennsylvania population map.png|thumb|left|Pennsylvania Population Distribution]]

Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in recent years.<ref name=annest>[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls Annual Estimates of the Population]</ref> It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population, and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status.
{{USCensusPop
|1790 = 434373
|1800 = 602365
|1810 = 810091
|1820 = 1049458
|1830 = 1348233
|1840 = 1724033
|1850 = 2311786
|1860 = 2906215
|1870 = 3521951
|1880 = 4282891
|1890 = 5258113
|1900 = 6302115
|1910 = 7665111
|1920 = 8720017
|1930 = 9631350
|1940 = 9900180
|1950 = 10498012
|1960 = 11319366
|1970 = 11793909
|1980 = 11863895
|1990 = 11881643
|2000 = 12281054
}}
Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.<ref name="censusPA">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=04000US42&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US42&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=040&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2004_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= FactFinder: Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights]</ref>

The five largest ancestry groups self-reported in Pennsylvania are: [[German American|German]] (27.66%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (17.66%), [[Italian American|Italian]] (12.82%), [[English Americans|English]] (8.89%) and [[Polish American|Polish]] (7.23%).<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Chg/2003/ACS/Tabular/040/04000US422.htm American Community Survey 2003 Multi-Year Survey for Pennsylvania]</ref>

===Religion===
{{cquote|The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. - [[Voltaire]], speaking of [[William Penn]]<ref>[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Voltaire0265/Works/Vol19-HTMLs/0060-19_Pt02.html The Works of Voltaire, volume 19]</ref>}}

Of all the colonies, only in [[Rhode Island]] was religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania - and one result was an incredible religious [[Multiculturalism|diversity]], one which continues to this day.<ref>[http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590 Religious diversity in Pennsylvania]</ref>

Pennsylvania's population in 2000 was 12,281,054. Of these, 8,448,193 were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the [[Association of religion data archives]] at [[Pennsylvania State University]], reliable data exists for 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000, following 115 different faiths.<ref name=arda>[http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/42_2000.asp The ARDA]</ref> Their affiliations, including percentage of all adherents, were:<ref>These statistics are based on 7,116,348 of the estimated 8,448,193 religious adherents in Pennsylvania,<!--ref name=arda /--> and only the largest of 115 different faiths are reported here. Data excludes most of the historically African-American denominations. Public Law 94-521 prevents the Census Bureau from collecting better data, so this information comes from the [[Association of religion data archives]] at [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]].) Terms used to describe organizations are ARDA's, and may not be the group's own preferred name.</ref>
* [[Roman Catholic]]: 3,802,524 (53.43%)
* [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]: 75,354 (1.06%)
* [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]]: 2,140,682 (30%)
** [[United Methodist Church]]: 659,350 (9.27%)
** [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]: 611,913 (8.60%)
** [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]]: 324,714 (4.56%)
** [[United Church of Christ]]: 241,844 (3.40%)
** [[American Baptist Churches USA|American Baptist Churches in the USA]]: 132,858 (1.87%)
** [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]]: 116,511 (1.64%)
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]]: 704,204 (10%)
** [[Assemblies of God]]: 84,153 (1.18%)
** [[Church of the Brethren]]: 52,684 (0.74%)
** [[Mennonite Church USA]]: 48,215 (0.68%)
** [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]]: 45,926 (0.65%)
** [[Southern Baptist Convention]]: 44,432 (0.62%)
** Independent Non-charismatic churches: 42,992 (0.60%)
* Other theology: 393,584 (5.53%)
** [[Judaism|Jewish estimate]]: 283,000 (3.98%)
** [[Islam|Muslim estimate]]: 71,190 (1.00%)
** [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations]]: 6,778 (0.10%)
** [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]: 31,032 (0.44%)

Pennsylvania is also noted for having the highest concentration of an [[Amish]] population in the United States.<ref>[http://www.800padutch.com/amish.shtml The Amish and the Plain People of Lancaster County, PA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

While Pennsylvania owes its existence to [[Quakers]] and many of the older trappings of the Commonwealth are rooted in the teachings of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority today.

==Economy==
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
[[Image:1999 PA Proof.png|left|50px|thumb [[50 State Quarters|Pennsylvania State Quarter]]]]
Pennsylvania's 2006 total [[gross state product]] (GSP) of $510.31 billion<ref name=beaxls>[http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrelarchive/2006/gsp0606.xls Bureau of Economic Analysis]</ref> ranks the state 6<sup>th</sup> in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 17<sup>th</sup> largest in the world, ahead of [[Belgium]] and behind the [[Netherlands]]. On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $34,619 ranks 26<sup>th</sup> among the 50 states.<ref name=beaxls />
[[Image:Bethlehem Steel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bethlehem Steel]]'s closed manufacturing facility in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]]. This site will become the site of the new multi-million dollar [[Sands BethWorks]] [[casino]] in 2007.]]
Philadelphia in the southeast corner and [[Pittsburgh]] in the southwest corner are urban manufacturing centers, with the [[Pennsyltucky|T-shaped remainder]] of the Commonwealth being much more rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.<ref>[http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization]</ref> Philadelphia is home to eight Fortune 500 companies,<ref name=F500>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/PA.html Fortune 500]</ref> with more located in suburbs like [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]]; it's a leader in the financial<ref>[http://www.phlx.com/ Philadelphia stock exchange]</ref> and insurance industry.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2002/01/07/story11.html Tragedy of 9/11 pummels insurance industry]</ref> Pittsburgh is home to seven Fortune 500 companies, including [[U.S. Steel]], [[PPG Industries]], [[H.J. Heinz]], and [[Alcoa]].<ref name=F500 /> In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty [[Fortune 500]] companies.<ref name=F500 />

As in the US as a whole and in most states, largest private employer in the Commonwealth is [[Wal-Mart]], followed by the [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[United Parcel Service]] and [[Giant Food of Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Giant Food]] (called [[Stop and Shop]] in other states). The largest manufacturing employer is [[Merck]].<ref>[http://www.passhe.edu/content/?/audiences/students/employers Largest Employers in Pennsylvania]</ref>

===Manufacturing===
Pennsylvania's factories and workshops manufacture 16.1% of the [[Gross Domestic Product|Gross State Product]] (GSP); only 10 states are more industrialized.<ref name=gsp2>[http://www.nemw.org/gsp2.htm Northeast-Midwest Institute calculations based on data from the BEA]</ref> While [[Education]]al Services is only 1.8% of the Commonwealth's GSP, that's twice the national average; only [[Massachusetts]], [[Rhode Island]] and [[Vermont]] outrank Pennsylvania.<ref name=gsp2 /> Although Pennsylvania is known as a [[coal]] state, [[mining]] only amounts to 0.6% of the Commonwealth's economy, compared to 1.3% for the country as a whole.<ref name=gsp2 />
[[Image:Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.jpg|left|thumb|Farming near [[Klingerstown, Pennsylvania]].]]

===Agriculture===
Pennsylvania ranks 19<sup>th</sup> overall in agricultural production,<ref name=ag>[http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF Agricultural Census 2002]</ref> but 1<sup>st</sup> in [[fungiculture|mushrooms]], 3<sup>rd</sup> in [[Christmas tree]]s and [[Egg (food)|layer chickens]], 4<sup>th</sup> in [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] and [[sod]], [[milk]], [[maize|corn]] for [[silage]], [[grapes]] grown (including [[Grape juice|juice grapes]]),<ref name = PAwine/> and [[horses]] production. It is also 8<sup>th</sup> in the nation for [[Winemaking|wine production]], has the two highest [[wineries]] east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and was home to the nation's first commercial grapevine [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] in [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]].<ref name=PAwine/> Only about 9,600 of the Commonwealth's 58,000 farmers have sales of $100,000 or more, and with production expenses equaling 84.9% of sales, most not only have a net farming income below the $19,806 that marks poverty for a family of four,<ref>[http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/threshld/thresh05.html Poverty levels]</ref> but are liable for a 12.4% self-employment tax as well.<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/publications/p225/index.html IRS: Tax Guide for farmers]</ref> The average farmer is 53 and getting older,<ref>[http://www.ruralpa.org/news0304.html Center for Rural Pennsylvania]</ref> as low farming income causes many young Pennsylvanians to look for employment in other economic sectors.<ref>[http://www.farmland.org/programs/documents/Mid-Atlantic_Forum_Summary.pdf Mid-Atlantic Farm Policy Leadership Forum]</ref>

Many farms in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth have been sold to housing developers in the past years. This is largely caused by rising taxes and land prices, reflecting high demand for land in the nation's fifth largest metropolitan area. [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks]] and [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery]] counties were the first to suburbanize, but this trend is now extending to [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks]], and [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh]] counties.<ref name=PAwine>{{cite web | url = http://www.pennsylvaniawine.com/facts/index.asp| title = PA Wine facts| | publisher = Pennsylvania Wine & Wineries| year = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref>

===Tourism===
[[Image:Pennsylvania.JPG|left|thumb|Pennsylvania state welcome sign]]
Pennsylvania draws 2.1% of the Gross State Product from ''Accommodation and Food Services''. Only [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]] and [[Iowa]] have lower numbers. Philadelphia draws tourists<ref>[http://www.gophila.com/ Philadelphia tourism]</ref> to see the [[Liberty Bell]], [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]], the [[Franklin Institute]] and [[Rocky Steps|the steps]] of the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], while [[the Poconos]]<ref>[http://www.800poconos.com/ Poconos tourism]</ref> attract honeymooners, golfers, and fishermen, and the [[Delaware Water Gap]]<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/dewa/ Delaware Water Gap]</ref> and [[Allegheny National Forest]] appeal to boaters, hikers, and nature lovers. Another attraction are the many [[covered bridges]] in the state, as Pennsylvania has more covered bridges than any other state.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/pubs/04098/index.htm FHWA Covered Bridge Manual</ref> Fourteen slots casinos, the majority of which are either in the process of being awarded licenses from the [[Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board]] or are under construction, are expected to make up a good portion of tourism in the Commonwealth.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/mostread/s_485061.html Pa. gaming board awards 5 slots licenses - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The Commonwealth launched an extensive tourism campaign in 2003 under the direction of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. An extensive website<ref>[http://www.visitPA.com VisitPA]</ref> has been established to promote visits to the state and new license plates feature the VisitPA.com website.
[[Image:PA.soi.jpg|thumb|right|Recent PA state tourism campaign logo.]]
{{main|Pennsylvania Dutch Country}}
The [[Plain sects|Pennsylvania Dutch]] region in south-central Pennsylvania is a favorite for sightseers.<ref>[http://www.aaanewsroom.net/main/Default.asp?CategoryID=8&ArticleID=392 AAA: Favorite vacation spots]</ref> The Pennsylvania Dutch, including the [[Amish|Old Order Amish]], the [[Mennonites|Old Order Mennonites]] and at least 35 other sects,<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_274.html Page 10, The Riddle of Amish Culture, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6772-X]</ref> are common in the rural areas around the cities of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], and Harrisburg, and [[Hershey, PA|Hershey]] with smaller numbers extending northeast to the [[Lehigh Valley]] and up the Susquehanna River valley. There are also scattered communities in the northern and western parts of the state.

The term "Dutch," when referring to the Pennsylvania Dutch, means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander." Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch," which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch."<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dutch&x=57&y=13 Definition of "dutch"]</ref> The [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch language]] is a descendant of German, in the [[West Central German]] dialect family. The language is only very rarely used as a first language among Pennsylvanians; however, in eastern and south central areas of the state it is a common second language and greatly influences dialect and accent.

==Politics==
===Government of the Commonwealth===
Pennsylvania has had five [[Pennsylvania Constitution|constitution]]s during its statehood:<ref name=jenkinslaw>[http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)]</ref> 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and [http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Constitution.html 1968]. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a [[Frame of Government]], of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.<ref name=jenkinslaw /> The capital of the Commonwealth is [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]. The legislature meets in the State Capitol there.
[[Image:PaCap.jpg|right|thumb|The current [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] in downtown [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg.]]]]
The current [[list of Pennsylvania Governors|Governor]] is [[Ed Rendell]], a former head of the [[Democratic National Committee]] who began as a popular [[District Attorney]] and [[mayor]] in Philadelphia.<ref>[http://www.governor.state.pa.us/governor/cwp/view.asp?a=1109&q=437825&governorNav=|31898|Official bio of Ed Rendell]</ref> The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Catherine Baker Knoll]], Attorney General [[Tom Corbett]], Auditor General [[Jack Wagner]], and State Treasurer [[Robin Weissman]].<ref>[http://www.electionpa.com/officials.asp State Elected Officials]</ref>
{{seealso|List of Pennsylvania state agencies}}

Pennsylvania has a [[bicameral legislature]] set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/BAH/dam/rg/rg7.htm Pennsylvania State Archives]</ref> The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]] includes 50 [[Pennsylvania Senate|Senators]]<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senators_alpha.cfm Pennsylvania Senators]</ref> and 203 [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Representatives]].<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/representatives_alpha.cfm Pennsylvania House of Representatives]</ref> [[Joseph B. Scarnati III]] is currently [[President Pro Tempore]] of the State Senate,<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=30 Pennsylvania Senate]</ref> [[Dominic Pileggi]] the [[Majority Leader]],<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=48 David Brightbill]</ref> and [[Robert J. Mellow]] the [[Minority Leader]].<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate_bio.cfm?districtnumber=22 Robert Mellow]</ref> [[Dennis M. O'Brien]] is [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the House of Representatives,<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=172 John Perzel]</ref> with [[H. William DeWeese]] as Majority Leader<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=66 Samuel Smith]</ref> and [[Samuel H. Smith (politician)|Samuel Smith]] as Minority Leader.<ref>[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house_bio.cfm?districtnumber=50 William DeWeese]</ref> The 2006 election resulted in the Democrats regaining control of the House and the balance remaining unchanged in Republicans' favor in the Senate.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,<ref name=courts>[http://www.courts.state.pa.us/Index/CommonPleas/Judicialdistricts.asp Judicial districts]</ref> most of which (except [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny]] Counties) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims.<ref name=courts /> Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as [[appellate court]]s to the district judges and for local agency decisions.<ref name=courts/> The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has [[original jurisdiction]] to review [[Warrant (law)|warrant]]s for [[Telephone tapping|wiretap]] surveillance.<ref name=courts/> The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.<ref name=courts/> The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the [[chief justice]] is determined by seniority.<ref name=courts/> The state holds 21 [[Electoral college|electoral]] votes.<ref name=PAFacts>{{cite web | url = http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/pasdc/whats_new/2007factsfortheweb.pdf| title = Pennsylvania Facts 2007| | publisher = Pennsylvania State Data Center Penn State Harrisburg| year = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-12-05|format=PDF}}</ref>

[[Sales tax]] provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; [[State income tax|personal income tax]] 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on [[Cigarette_tax#Taxation|cigarettes]] and alcohol beverage 5%.<ref>''Revenue Department Releases August Collections (09/01/2006)'' [http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208 http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208] Retrieved September 25, 2006.</ref>

Counties, municipalities, and [[school district]]s levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a [[income tax|wage tax]] on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with [[home rule]] charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a [[property tax|personal property tax]] on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

===Representation in the 110th Congress===
Pennsylvania's two [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] in the [[110th Congress]] are [[Arlen Specter]] and [[Bob Casey, Jr.]]

Pennsylvania's [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. Congressmen]] for the term beginning January 2007 are [[Bob Brady|Robert Brady]] ([[Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district|1<sup>st</sup>]]), [[Chaka Fattah]] ([[Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district|2<sup>nd</sup>]]), [[Phil English]] ([[Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district|3<sup>rd</sup>]]), [[Jason Altmire]] ([[Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district|4<sup>th</sup>]]), [[John E. Peterson]] ([[Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district|5<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Jim Gerlach]] ([[Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district|6<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Joseph A. Sestak|Joe Sestak]] ([[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district|7<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Patrick Murphy (politician)|Patrick Murphy]] ([[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|8<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Bill Shuster]] ([[Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district|9<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Chris Carney]] ([[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|10<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Paul E. Kanjorski]] ([[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|11<sup>th</sup>]]), [[John Murtha]] ([[Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district|12<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Allyson Schwartz]] ([[Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district|13<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Michael F. Doyle]] ([[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|14<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Charlie Dent]] ([[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|15<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Joe Pitts]] ([[Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district|16<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Tim Holden]] ([[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|17<sup>th</sup>]]), [[Tim Murphy (congressman)|Tim Murphy]] ([[Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district|18<sup>th</sup>]]), and [[Todd Russell Platts]] ([[Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district|19<sup>th</sup>]]).<ref>[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_congressional_directory&docid=cdir108_txt-39 Congressional Directory Online]</ref>

[[List of United States congressional districts#Pennsylvania|''See map of congressional districts'']]

===Regional strength===
In the past decade, no [[political party]] has been clearly dominant in Pennsylvania. This, combined with Pennsylvania's rank of 6th in the country in population, has made it one of the most important [[swing states]]. Democrats are strong in urban [[Philadelphia]] and the areas of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]], [[State College, Pennsylvania|State College]] and [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]]/[[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]. Republicans are generally dominant in the vast rural areas that make up the balance of the Commonwealth. Traditionally, Republicans have also fared well in the densely populated and wealthy suburbs of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, but in the 1990s and 2000s many of these suburbs began to associate more with the Democratic Party.

Since 1992, Pennsylvania has been trending Democratic in Presidential elections, voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins, and slightly closer in 2000 for Al Gore. Most recently, in the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator [[John F. Kerry]] beat President [[George W. Bush]] in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%).

==Important cities and municipalities==
[[Image:Phila.jpg|right|thumb|The skyline of [[Philadelphia]], the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.]]
[[Image:Pittsburgh WEO Night 1.jpg|thumb|200px||The skyline of [[Pittsburgh]], second largest city in Pennsylvania and 21st largest metropolitan area in the United States.]]
Municipalities in Pennsylvania are incorporated as [[city|cities]] of several classes, as [[Borough (United States)#Pennsylvania|boroughs]], as [[Township (Pennsylvania)|townships]] of several classes, or under home rule charters. A "village," often identified by a roadside sign, is unincorporated, and is merely a locale without distinct boundaries. There are 2,567 municipalities in the state.<ref name=PAFacts />

There is some confusion about the number of "towns" in Pennsylvania. In 1870, [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]], the county seat of [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] was incorporated as a town, and is recognized by state government publications as "the only incorporated town" in Pennsylvania.<ref name ="PAmanual">[http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/pamanual/cwp/view.asp?a=437&Q=129762&pm=1&pamanualNav=|The Pennsylvania Manual 117]</ref><ref>[http://www.newpa.com/download.aspx?id=82 ''Pennsylvania Local Government Fact Sheet'', 2005]</ref><ref>[http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook06/Basics01_Local_Government_Entities.pdf "Local Government Entities in Pennsylvania"] and [http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook06/Basics08_Municipal_Statistics.pdf "Municipal Statistics"] in [http://www.lgc.state.pa.us/deskbook.html ''Legislator’s Municipal Deskbook for Pennsylvania'']</ref> However, in 1975, [[McCandless, Pennsylvania|McCandless Township]], in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny County]] adopted a home rule charter under the name "Town of McCandless".<ref>[http://www.columbiamontourchamber.com/Alliance/quality_of_life.html Bloomsburg]</ref><ref>[http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/302/chapter23/chap23toc.html McCandless]</ref>

The ten most populated cities in Pennsylvania, in order are: [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], and [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].

<center><gallery>
Image:Allentown_Pennsylvania_downtown.jpg|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]
Image:Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament.jpg|[[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]]
Image:Beaver Falls.jpg|[[Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania|Beaver Falls]]
Image:Bethlehem_Pennsylvania_downtown.jpg|[[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]]
Image:Butler skyline.jpg|[[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]]
Image:Easton_Skyline.jpg|[[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]]
Image:Eriesky2.jpg|[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]]
Image:Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania_State_Capital_Building.jpg|[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]
Image:Downtown hazleton pa.jpg|[[Hazleton, Pennsylvania|Hazleton]]
Image:Johnstownview.jpg|[[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]]
Image:LancasterPA.png|[[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]
Image:Kennedy_Square.jpg|[[New Castle, Pennsylvania|New Castle]]
Image:Philadelphia_skyline.JPG|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
Image:Clementebridge.JPG|[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]
Image:Pottsville.jpg|[[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]]
Image:Reading, Pennsylvani skyline.jpg|[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]]
Image:DowntownScranton2003.jpg|[[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]]
Image:WilkesBarreDowntown.jpg|[[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]
Image:192_9259_(Large).JPG|[[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]]
Image:110-1068_IMG.jpg|[[York, Pennsylvania|York]]
</gallery></center>

{{seealso|Pennsylvania locations by per capita income}}

==Recreation==
Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]].<ref>http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/index.php?id=10_2_1</ref> Other notable zoos include the Allentown Zoo, Claws 'n Paws, [[Erie Zoo]], [[Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium]], and [[Hersheypark|ZOOAMERICA]]. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country, including the [[Carnegie Museums]] in Pittsburgh, the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] and [[:Category:Museums in Pennsylvania|several others]]. One of the unique museums is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.<ref>http://www.houdini.org</ref> Pennsylvania is also home to the [[National Aviary]], located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|state parks]] in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including [[Camel Beach]], [[Conneaut Lake Park]], [[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]], [[Dutch Wonderland]], [[DelGrosso Amusement Park]], [[Hershey Park]], [[Idlewild Park]], [[Kennywood]], [[Knoebels]], [[Lakemont Park]], [[Sandcastle Waterpark]], [[Sesame Place]], [[Great Wolf Lodge]] and [[Waldameer Park]]. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, [[Splash Lagoon]] in Erie.

There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include [[Musikfest]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], the [[Philadelphia Folk Festival]], [[Creation Festival]], the Great Allentown Fair and [[Purple Door]].

There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania is a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.

The [[Boone and Crockett Club]] shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) [[American Black Bear|black bear]] entries came from the state.<ref name=blackbear>{{cite web | url = http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407| title = Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America’s biggest black bears | last = Reilly | first = P. | publisher = [[Intelligencer Journal]]| date = [[2007-11-15]] | accessdate = 2007-12-06}}</ref> The state also has a tied record for the largest [[hunter]] shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at {{convert|733|lb|abbr=on}} and a [[skull]] of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in [[California]] in 1993.<ref name=blackbear/> The largest bear ever found dead was in [[Utah]] in 1975 and second largest was shot by a [[Poaching|poacher]] in the state in 1987.<ref name=blackbear/> Pennsylvania holds the second most number of Boone & Crockett recorded record black bears at 183 second only to [[Wisconsin]]'s 299.<ref name=blackbear/>

==Transportation==
There are 69 [[Rail transport|railroads]] in the state and {{convert|5100|mi|km}} of railways which is 5th in the nation.<ref name=PAFacts /> There are [[List of airports in Pennsylvania|134 public-use airports]] and 6 international airports.<ref name=PAFacts /> The port of [[Pittsburgh]] is the 2nd largest inland port in the United States.<ref name=PAFacts /> There are {{convert|120000|mi|km}} of [[highway]]s in the state.<ref name=PAFacts2003>{{cite web | url = http://www.gacla.state.pa.us/gacla/lib/gacla/pa_facts.pdf| title = Pennsylvania Facts| | publisher = Pennsylvania State Data Center Penn State Harrisburg| year = 2003 | accessdate = 2007-12-05|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{main|Pennsylvania sports}}
{{see|List of people from Pennsylvania}}
Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams, including the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] of [[Major League Baseball]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] of the [[National Football League]], the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] and [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] of the [[National Hockey League]], and the [[Philadelphia Soul]] of the [[Arena Football League]]. Among them, these teams have accumulated 6 [[World Series]] Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 1), 14 [[National League]] Pennants, 3 pre-[[Super Bowl]] era NFL Championships (Eagles), 5 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 1 Arena Bowl Championship (Soul), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), and 4 [[Stanley Cup]] winners (Flyers 2, Penguins 2).

In baseball, the Phillies moved their Triple A-level team from [[Ottawa, Ontario]], in Canada, to a newly-constructed stadium, [[Coca-Cola Park]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], beginning with the 2008 season. Because the Lehigh Valley is a core fan base for both the Phillies and the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (who conduct their pre-season training camp on the practice fields of [[Lehigh University]]), there are understandably lofty expectations that the new team, called the [[Lehigh Valley IronPigs]] (after [[pig iron]], which is an instrumental part in the construction of [[steel]] which has been a large part of the local economy for decades), is likely to prove hugely popular among Allentown and Lehigh Valley Phillies fans. The Phillies' AA team is located in [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], and one of their A-level affiliates is also located in [[Wiliamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]]. The Pirates' AA team is located in [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], and the Nationals' AA affiliate is in the capital of [[Harrisburg]]. The Yankees' AAA team is also located in [[Scranton]], in the northeastern part of the state. Two independent-league teams, the [[Lancaster Barnstormers]] and [[York Revolution]] of the [[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball]], are located in south-central Pennsylvania.

College football is also very popular in Pennsylvania. The [[Penn State University]] Nittany Lions are coached by [[Joe Paterno]] who led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, [[Beaver Stadium]], that seats 107,282. In addition, the [[University of Pittsburgh]] [[Pitt Panthers|Panthers]] have won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and have played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf] Pitt plays its home games at [[Heinz Field]], a facility it shares with the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include [[Lafayette College]] (1896) and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908).[http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php]

College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the [[Philadelphia Big 5|Big Five]], have a rich tradition in [[NCAA Division I]] basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: [[La Salle University]] (1954), [[Temple University]] (1938), [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1920 and 1921), [[University of Pittsburgh]] (1928 and 1930) and [[Villanova University]] (1985).[http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/helmscollegechampionship.htm][http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/basketball/college/collegechampionship.htm]

In motorsports, the [[Mario Andretti]] dynasty of race drivers is from [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the [[Jennerstown Speedway]] in [[Jennerstown, Pennsylvania|Jennerstown]], the [[Lake Erie Speedway]] in [[North East, Pennsylvania|North East]], the [[Mahoning Valley Speedway]] in [[Lehighton, Pennsylvania|Lehighton]], the [[Motordome Speedway]] in [[Smithton, Pennsylvania|Smithton]], the [[Mountain Speedway]] in [[St. Johns, Pennsylvania|St. Johns]], the [[Nazareth Speedway]] in [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]]; and the [[Pocono Raceway]] in [[Long Pond, Pennsylvania|Long Pond]], which is home both the [[Pennsylvania 500]] and the [[Pocono 500]].

Also, the [[Little League World Series]] is held in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]], where it was founded. Also the first [[World Series]] between the Boston Pilgrims (now [[Boston Red Sox]]) and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] was played in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].

There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. [High Point Raceway][http://www.highpointmx.com High Point] in located in Mt. Morris, PA, and Steel City is located in Delmont, PA.

Race courses for horses in Pennsylvania consist of [[The Meadows Racetrack]], south of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs]], in [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]] and [[Harrah's Chester Casino and Racetrack]] in [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] which offer [[harness racing]], and [[Penn National Race Course]] in [[Grantville, Pennsylvania|Grantville]] and [[Philadelphia Park]], in [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania|Bensalem]] which offer [[thoroughbred racing]]. [[Smarty Jones]], the 2004 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

[[Arnold Palmer]], one of the leading 20th century pro golfers, comes from [[Latrobe, Pennsylvania|Latrobe]], and [[Jim Furyk]], one of the leading 21-century pro golfers, grew up near in [[Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in [[Farmington, Pennsylvania|Farmington]] and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in [[Moosic, Pennsylvania|Moosic]].

Philadelphia is home to [[LOVE Park]], once a [[skateboard]]ing mecca, and across from City Hall, host to [[ESPN]]'s [[X Games]] in 2001 and 2002.

==Food==
In his book ''Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee'', author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It leads all other states in the manufacture of [[pretzel]]s and potato chips. The [[Sturgis Pretzel House]] introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. The three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are [[Utz Quality Foods, Inc.]], which started making chips in [[Hanover, Pennsylvania]] in 1921, [[Wise Foods, Inc.|Wise Snack Foods]] which started making chips in [[Berwick, Pennsylvania|Berwick]] in 1921, and [[Frito-Lay|Lay's Potato Chips]], a [[Texas]] company. Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, Snyder's of Berlin (not associated with Snyder's of Hanover) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]], with [[Mars]] and [[Wilbur Chocolate Company]] nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's near [[Lansdale]] and [[Gertrude Hawk]] of [[Dunmore, Pennsylvania|Dunmore]]. Other notable companies include [[Just Born]] in [[Bethlehem, PA]], makers of [[Hot Tamales]], [[Mike and Ike]]s, and the [[Easter]] favorite marshmallow [[Peeps]], [[Benzel's Pretzels]] and [[Boyer Candies]] of [[Altoona, PA]], which is well known for its [[Mallow Cups]]. Auntie Anne's Pretzels originated in Gap, but their corporate headquarters is now located in Lancaster, PA. Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, hame, and dumplings), [[fasnachts]] (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, and chochow. Shoofly is another traditional Pennsylvanian Dutch food. Yuengling Brewery, America's Oldest Brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville, PA since 1829.

Among the regional foods associated with Pennsylvania are the [[pierogies]], [[cheesesteak]] and the [[hoagie]], the [[soft pretzel]], the [[liver on a stick]], [[Italian water ice]], [[scrapple]], [[Tastykake]], and the [[Stromboli (food)|stromboli]]. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by [[H. J. Heinz Company|Henry John Heinz]] from 1876 to the early 1900s. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's [[Primanti Brothers Restaurant]] sandwiches. Outside the city of [[Scranton]], in the Borough of [[Old Forge, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania|Old Forge]] there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. [[Sauerkraut]] along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.

Multi-ethnic cuisine is common{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, especially in the Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and [[Coal Region]] areas. [[Amish]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Indian culture|Indian]], [[Japanese culture|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]], [[Persian cuisine|Persian]], [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[Russian cuisine|Russian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Turkish cuisine]] and many others can be found not only in specialty restaurants but at hundreds of community or religious festivals.

==State symbols==
[[Image:RuffedGrouse23.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The Ruffed Grouse]]
[[Image:USBrigNiagaraInPort.JPG|right|thumb|upright|The US Brig Niagara|US Brig ''Niagara'' in port]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Pennsylvania state insignia and historical facts
|-
|[[State tree]] || [[Tsuga canadensis|Eastern Hemlock]]
|-
|[[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]] || [[Ruffed Grouse|Ruffed grouse]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State flower]] || [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain laurel]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State insect]] || ''[[Photuris pennsylvanica]]'' (Pennsylvania [[Firefly]])<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State animal]] || [[White-tailed deer]]<ref name=symbols>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 State Symbols]</ref>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state mammals|State dog]] || [[Great Dane]]
|-
|[[State fish]] || [[Brook trout]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[State fossil]] || the [[trilobite]] ''[[Phacops rana]]''<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state beverages|State beverage]] || [[Milk]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] || [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]<ref name=50states>[http://www.50states.com/pennsylv.htm State Symbols]</ref>
|-
|[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood|Union admission rank]] || 2<sup>nd</sup>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state songs|State song]] || [[Pennsylvania (song)|Pennsylvania]] (Formerly [[Hail, Pennsylvania!]], until 1990)<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|State toy || [[Slinky]]<ref>[http://www.poof-slinky.com/history.asp Slinky history]</ref>
|-
|[[State ship]] || [[US Brig Niagara (museum ship)|United States Brig ''Niagara'']]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|State electric locomotive || [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] [[PRR GG1|GG1]] #4849 Locomotive
|-
|State steam locomotive || [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] [[PRR K4s|K4s]] Locomotive
|-
|State beautification plant || [[Crown Vetch|Crown vetch]]<ref name=symbols/>
|-
|[[List of U.S. state soils|State soil]] || Hazleton<ref name=50states />
|}
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of Pennsylvania-related topics]]
*[[Commonwealth (United States)]]
{{portal|Pennsylvania|PA-1.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the [[List of Pennsylvania-related topics]] -->

==References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
*[http://www.pareserves.com Gov. Andrew Curtin's Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, Civil War 1861–1864]
*[http://www.pa.gov Official state government site]
*[http://www.dot.state.pa.us Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=PA USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Pennsylvania]
*[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=PA Energy Data & Statistics for Pennsylvania]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/PA.htm Pennsylvania State Facts]
*[http://www.visitPA.com Official state tourism site]
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#penn Biography of William Penn from 1829]
*[http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/pennhist/ A History of Pennsylvania from 1905]
*[http://www.footnote.com/topicpage.php?tp=88 Free Original Documents Online: Pennsylvania State Archives 1600s to 1800s]
*[http://www.psupress.psu.edu/Justataste/samplechapters/pennsylvania/index.html Miller, Randall M. and William Pencak, ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth'']
*[http://www.mrnussbaum.com/paflash2.htm Interactive Pennsylvania for Kids]
*[http://newpa.com/ Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development]
*[http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/statemap.cfm&state=PA National Association of Counties (information on each Pennsylvania County)]
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Pennsylvania}}
{{-}}
{{Pennsylvania|expanded}}
{{United States}}
{{US Northeast}}
{{succession
| preceded = [[Delaware]]
| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years = Ratified [[Constitution of the United States of America|Constitution]] on December 12, 1787 (2nd)
| succeeded = [[New Jersey]]
}}

{{coord|display=title|41|N|77.5|W|region:US-PA_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Pennsylvania|*]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:1787 establishments]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]

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[[zh-yue:賓夕凡尼亞州]]
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[[zh:宾夕法尼亚州]]

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