Mathematical and theoretical biology and Jaleel White: Difference between pages

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{{for|use of statistics in Biology|Biostatistics}}
{{Infobox Actor
:''For use of basic artimethics in Biology, see relevant topic, such as [[Serial dilution]].''
| name = Jaleel White
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Jaleel Ahmad White
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1976|11|27|}}
| birthplace = [[Pasadena, California]], [[United States|U.S.A.]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1984 - present
}}


'''Jaleel Ahmad White''' (born November 27, 1976) is an [[United States|American]] [[actor]]. He is best known for his role as [[Steve Urkel]]/[[Stefan Urquelle]] on the [[television program|TV series]] ''[[Family Matters (TV series)|Family Matters]]'' from 1989 to 1998, and [[Sonic the Hedgehog (character)|Sonic the Hedgehog]] on ''[[Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' and ''[[Sonic Underground]]''.
'''Mathematical biology'''/'''Theoretical Biology''', (also called less often '''Biomathematics''', including the two major subfields of ''biological mathematical modeling'' and ''computational biomodeling''/biocomputing)-- is an [[interdisciplinary]] research field of academic study with a wide range of applications in [[Biology]], [[Medicine]] and [[Biotechnology]] which aims at the mathematical representation, treatment and modeling of [[biology|biological]] processes using a variety of [[mathematics|applied mathematical]] techniques and tools. It has both theoretical and practical applications in biological, biomedical and biotechnology research; for example, in cell biology, protein interactions are often represented as "cartoon" models, which, although easy to visualize, do not accurately describe the systems studied: in order to do this, precise mathematical models are required, which, by describing the systems in a quantitative manner, can better simulate their behavior and hence predict properties that may not be at all
immediately evident to the experimenter.


==Importance==
==Biography==
===Personal life===
Applying mathematics to biology has a long history, but only recently has there been an explosion of interest in the field. Some reasons for this include:
White was born in [[Pasadena, California]], the son of Gail, a manager, and Michael White, a dentist.<ref name=filmref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/4/Jaleel-White.html Jaleel White Biography (1976-present)]</ref> White attended Huntington Middle School in [[San Marino, California]] and part of high school at John Marshall Fundamental Secondary School in [[Pasadena, California]]. As a high school senior, he attended [[South Pasadena High School]] where he would graduate.
* the explosion of data-rich information sets, due to the [[genomics]] revolution, which are difficult to understand without the use of analytical tools,
* recent development of mathematical tools such as [[chaos theory]] to help understand complex, nonlinear mechanisms in biology,
* an increase in [[computer|computing]] power which enables calculations and [[simulation]]s to be performed that were not previously possible, and
* an increasing interest in [[in silico]] experimentation due to ethical considerations, risk, unreliability and other complications involved in human and animal research.


==Areas of research==
===Early career===
White got his start on TV commercials at age three with [[Kellogg Company|Kellogg's]] after his preschool teacher persuaded his reluctant parents to take him to auditions. He landed his first television role as [[Flip Wilson]] and [[Gladys Knight]]'s son on the [[CBS]] series ''[[Charlie and Company]]''. He next appeared on another CBS comedy series, ''[[The Jeffersons]]''. White also appeared in the pilot episode for ''[[Good Morning, Miss Bliss]]'' in 1987, and had a role in the 1990 [[television movie]] ''[[Camp Cucamonga]]'' that also featured [[Candace Cameron]] (''[[Full House]]''), [[Danica McKellar]] and [[Josh Saviano]] (''[[The Wonder Years]]''), [[Breckin Meyer]], and [[Jennifer Aniston]].
Several areas of research in mathematical and theoretical biology<ref>http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/index.html</ref>,<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2733h7280521632/ </ref>, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/research/groups/biology/kal.htm |title=Research in Mathematical Biology |publisher=Maths.gla.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref>, as well as external links to related projects in various universities are concisely presented in the following subsections, including also a large number of appropriate validating references from a list of several thousands of published authors contributing to this field. Many of the included examples are characterised by highly complex, nonlinear, and supercomplex mechanisms, as it is being increasingly recognised that the result of such interactions may only be understood through a combination of mathematical, logical, physical/chemical, molecular and computational models. Due to the wide diversity of specific knowledge involved, biomathematical research is often done in collaboration between [[mathematicians]], biomathematicians,
[[theoretical biologists]], [[physics|physicists]], [[biophysicists]], [[biochemists]], [[bioengineers]], engineers, biologists, physiologists, research [[physiology|physicians]], biomedical researchers,[[oncologists]], [[molecular biologists]], [[geneticists]], [[embryologists]], [[zoology|zoologists]], [[chemistry|chemists]], etc.


===''Family Matters''===
===Computer models and automata theory in biology and medicine===
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on ''Family Matters''. The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role. He also played several other members of the [[Urkel]] family, including his [[alter ego]] Stefan Urquelle and [[Myrtle Urkel]]. During the height of ''Family Matter'''s popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed as breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and a doll.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131627,00.html|title=Family Matters: 1989-1998 |date=2000-06-26|publisher=''People''|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes including one that was the series highest rated at age 19.<ref name=filmref /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/features/article_1221104.php/M&C_Exclusive_Interview_Jaleel_White_talks_%93Who_Made_the_Potatoe_Salad%94|title=M&C Exclusive Interview: Jaleel White talks “Who Made the Potatoe Salad?”|last=Rhudy|first=Ben |date=2006-11-12|publisher=monstersandcritics.com|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>
A monograph on this topic summarizes an extensive amount of research
in this area up to 1987, including subsections in the following areas: [[computer modeling]] in biology and medicine, arterial system models, [[neural model]]s, biochemical and [[oscillation network]]s, [[neural net]]s, [[genetic network]]s, abstract relational biology, metabolic-replication systems, [[category theory]] applications in biology and medicine, [[automata theory]] and complete [[self-reproduction]], [[chaotic system]]s in [[organism]]s, relational biology and organismic theories.<ref>Baianu, I. C. 1987, Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine., in M. Witten (ed.),''Mathematical Models in Medicine'', vol. '''7'''., Ch.11 Pergamon Press, New York, 1513-1577. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2733h7280521632/ </ref>; this published report also includes 390 references to peer-reviewed articles by a large number of authors <ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2733h7280521632/</ref>,
<ref> Also currently available as an updated PDF at: http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003718/01/COMPUTER_SIMULATIONCOMPUTABILITYBIOSYSTEMSrefnew.pdf</ref>
[http://planetmath.org/?method=l2h&from=objects&id=10746&op=getobj (See also the 300+ References List in: "Bibliography on category theory applications", including mathematical biology applications).]


After the series ended its nine year run in 1997, White had grown tired of the role. Shortly after the series wrapped, he stated in an interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E3D61739F931A1575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Jaleel White ('Don't Call Me Urkel') Grows Up |last=Noxon|first=Christopher|date=1999-08-22|publisher=''The New York Times''|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>Due to the character's popularity, White was so [[Typecasting (acting)|tightly defined by his Urkel character]] that it became hard for him to get other roles.


===Post ''Family Matters''===
'''Modeling cell and molecular biology'''
In 1999, White returned to television in the [[UPN]] sitcom ''[[Grown Ups (TV series)|Grown Ups]]''. The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood. He also co-produced and wrote episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult. The pilot episode featured another former child actor, [[Soleil Moon Frye]] famous for her role as [[Punky Brewster]], as the girl whom he chose as a roommate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,270659,00.html|title=Mo' and More |last=Tucker|first=Ken|date=1999-09-10|publisher=ew.com|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref> The writing and comedy was bland and dissimilar from other sitcoms, and Frye was even removed from the series after the pilot. It was cancelled after one season.


White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms however; he has done [[voice actor|voice work]] for several animated projects including the 1998 film ''[[Quest for Camelot]]''. In 1999, he provided the voice for [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] in ''[[Our Friend, Martin]]''. He was also the voice of the famed video game character [[Sonic the Hedgehog (character)|Sonic the Hedgehog]] in most of the American TV shows - ''[[Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', and ''[[Sonic Underground]]'', as well as a Christmas special.
This area has received a boost due to the growing importance of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/research/groups/biology/kal.htm |title=Research in Mathematical Biology |publisher=Maths.gla.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref>
*Mechanics of biological tissues<ref>http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~rwo/research_areas.htm</ref>
*Theoretical enzymology and [[enzyme kinetics]]
*[[Cancer]] modelling and simulation <ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/71958358k273622q/</ref>,<ref>http://calvino.polito.it/~mcrtn/</ref>
*Modelling the movement of interacting cell populations<ref>http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~jas/researchinterests/index.html</ref>
*Mathematical modelling of scar tissue formation<ref>http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~jas/researchinterests/scartissueformation.html</ref>
*Mathematical modelling of intracellular dynamics<ref>http://www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/dokumente/p_gilles_paper.pdf</ref>
*Mathematical modelling of the cell cycle<ref>http://mpf.biol.vt.edu/Research.html</ref>


In 2001, White graduated from [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] with a degree with film and television.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_4_100/ai_76513102?tag=content;col1|title=Star Graduate|date=2001-07-09|publisher=''Jet''|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>White has continued acting and has had small parts in the films ''[[Big Fat Liar]]'' and ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'', and was featured in lead role in the 2006 comedy ''Who Made the Potatoe Salad?''. In 2007, he guest starred on the [[The CW Television Network|CW]] series ''[[The Game (U.S. TV series)|The Game]]'', followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Pool and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama ''[[Boston Legal]]''.
'''Modelling physiological systems'''


===Suicide hoax===
*Modelling of [[artery|arterial]] disease <ref>http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~nah/research_interests.html</ref>
In June 2006, an internet rumor was spread via email that White had committed suicide. The email contained a fake [[Associated Press]] report stating that White was found dead in his Los Angeles apartment after shooting himself. The report, which contained fake quotes from former co-stars and associates, also claimed that White left behind a suicide note that contained Steve Urkel's popular [[catch phrase]], "Did I do that?". No legitimate news outlets ever picked up the story.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/jaleel.asp|title=Did I Do That?|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara |publisher=snopes.com|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref> Five months after the hoax, White addressed the rumor stating, "I don’t even know what to say about that darned thing. As much as you try to live your life your right, you’re gonna get sucker-punched now and then. That was my sucker punch back in June".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumhollywood.com/2006/11/05/a-chat-with-jaleel-white/|title=A Chat with Jaleel White|last=Harris|first=Will |date=2006-11-05|publisher=premiumhollywood.com|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>
*Multi-scale modelling of the [[heart]] <ref>http://www.integrativebiology.ox.ac.uk/heartmodel.html
</ref>


==Filmography==
===Population dynamics===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
[[Population dynamics]] has traditionally been the dominant field of mathematical biology. Work in this area dates back to the 19th century. The [[Lotka–Volterra equation|Lotka–Volterra predator-prey equations]] are a famous example. In the past 30 years, population dynamics has been complemented by [[evolutionary game theory]], developed first by [[John Maynard Smith]]. Under these dynamics, evolutionary biology concepts may take a deterministic mathematical form. Population dynamics overlap with another active area of research in mathematical biology: [[Mathematical modelling in epidemiology|mathematical epidemiology]], the study of infectious disease affecting populations. Various models of viral spread have been proposed and analysed, and provide important results that may be applied to health policy decisions.
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Film
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''Quest for Camelot''
| Bladebeak
| Voice
|-
| 1999
| ''Our Friend, Martin''
| Martin at age 15
| Voice
|-
| 2002
| ''Big Fat Liar''
| Himself
| Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=4|2006
| ''Miracle Dogs Too''
| Leo
|
|-
| ''[[Puff, Puff, Pass]]''
| Tenant #2
| Uncredited
|-
| ''Who Made the Potatoe Salad''
| Michael
|
|-
| ''Dreamgirls''
| Talent Booker
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2008
| ''[[Kissing Cousins (film)|Kissing Cousins]]''
| Antwone
|
|-
| ''Green Flash''
| Jason Bootie
|
|-
| ''Call of the Wild''
| Dr. Spencer
|
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Television
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|1984
| ''The Jeffersons''
| Van Van Morris
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Silence of the Heart]]''
| Hanry
| [[Television movie]], uncredited
|-
| rowspan=2|1985
| ''Kids Don't Tell''
| Christofer
| Television movie
|-
| ''[[Charlie & Co.]]''
| Robert Richmond
| 18 episodes
|-
| 1986
| ''The Leftovers''
| Jake
| Television movie
|-
| rowspan=3|1987
| ''[[Mr. Belvedere]]''
| Ernie Masters
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Good Morning, Miss Bliss]]''
| Bobby Wilson
| 1 episode
|-
| ''Jay Leno's Family Comedy Hour''
|
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Cadets''
| Cadet Nicholls
| Unknown episodes
|-
| 1989-1998
| ''Family Matters
| Steve Urkel<br>Stefan Urquelle<br>Myrtle Urkel<br>Bruce Lee Urkel
|125 episodes
|-
| 1990
| ''Camp Cucamonga''
| Dennis Brooks
| Television movie
|-
| 1991
| ''Full House''
| Steve Urkel
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1991-1997
| ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''
| Steve Urkel
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1993
| ''The Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog''
| Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice)
| 30 episodes
|-
| 1993-1994
| ''Sonic the Hedgehog''
| Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice)
| 26 episodes
|-
| 1995
| ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air''
| Derek
| 1 episode
|-
| 1996
| ''Sonic Christmas Blast!''
| Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice)
| Television movie
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Meego]]''
| Steve Urkel
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1999
| ''Sonic Underground''
| Manic (Voice)
| 16 episodes
|-
| 1999-2000
| ''Grown Ups''
| J. Calvin Frazier
| 22 episodes
|-
| 2003
| ''111 Gramercy Park''
| BJ Brown
| [[Television pilot|Unsold pilot]]
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Half & Half]]''
| Hershel
| 1 episode
|-
| rowspan=2|2007
| ''The Game''
| Chris
| 1 episode
|-
| ''Boston Legal''
| Kevin Givens
| 1 episode
|}


==Awards and nominations==
===Mathematical methods===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Year
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Award
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Result
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Category
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Series
|-
|1985
|rowspan=3|[[Young Artist Award]]
|'''Nominated'''
|Best Young Actor - Guest in a Television Series
|''The Jeffersons''
|-
|1986
|'''Nominated'''
|Best Young Supporting Actor in a New Television Series
|''Charlie & Co.''
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|1991
|'''Won'''
|Outstanding Young Comedian in a Television Series
|''Family Matters''
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|1994
|rowspan=4|[[NAACP Image Awards]]
|rowspan=2|'''Won'''
|Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
|''Family Matters''
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|1995
|Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
|''Family Matters''
|-
|1996
|'''Nominated'''
|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Family Matters''
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|1997
|'''Won'''
|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
|''Family Matters''
|-
|1996
|[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
|'''Nominated'''
|Favorite Television Actor
|''Family Matters''
|}


==References==
A model of a biological system is converted into a system of equations, although the word 'model' is often used synonymously with the system of corresponding equations. The solution of the equations, by either analytical or numerical means, describes how the biological system behaves either over time or at [[equilibrium point|equilibrium]]. There are many different types of equations and the type of behavior that can occur is dependent on both the model and the equations used. The model often makes assumptions about the system. The equations may also make assumptions about the nature of what may occur.
{{reflist}}


==External links==
The following is a list of mathematical descriptions and their assumptions.
*[http://www.jaleelwhite.com/ Official site]
*{{imdb name|id=0924918|name=Jaleel White}}
*{{tv.com person|id=6408|name=Jaleel White}}
*[http://www.nba.com/blog/blog22.html Jaleel White's NBA blog]
*[http://www.foxstore.com/detail.html?item=2588 Website for Who Made the Potato Salad?]


'''Deterministic processes ([[dynamical system]]s) '''


<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
A fixed mapping between an initial state and a final state. Starting from an initial condition and moving forward in time, a deterministic process will always generate the same trajectory and no two trajectories cross in state space.
{{Persondata

|NAME= White, Jaleel
*[[Difference equations]] Discrete time, continuous state space.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= White, Jaleel Ahmad
*[[Ordinary differential equations]] (Continuous time. Continuous state space. No spatial derivatives.) See also [[Numerical ordinary differential equations]].
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor
* [[Partial differential equations]] (Continuous time. Continuous state space. Spatial derivatives.) See also [[Numerical partial differential equations]].
|DATE OF BIRTH= November 27, 1976
* Maps (Discrete time. Continuous state space)
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Pasadena, California]], [[United States]]

|DATE OF DEATH=
'''Stochastic processes (random dynamical systems)'''
|PLACE OF DEATH=

A random mapping between an initial state and a final state, making the state of the system a [[random variable]] with a corresponding [[probability distribution]].

* Non-Markovian processes -- [[Master equation|Generalized master equation]] (Continuous time with memory of past events. Discrete state space. [[Waiting time]]s of events (or transitions between states) discretely occur and have a generalized [[probability distribution]].)
* Jump [[Continuous-time Markov process|Markov process]] -- [[Master equation]] (Continuous time with no memory of past events. Discrete state space. Waiting times between events discretely occur and are exponentially distributed.) See also [[Monte Carlo method]] for numerical simulation methods, specifically [[Continuous-time Monte Carlo]] which is also called kinetic Monte Carlo or the stochastic simulation algorithm.
* Continuous [[Markov process]] -- [[stochastic differential equation]]s or a [[Fokker-Planck equation]] (Continuous time. Continuous state space. Events occur continuously according to a random [[Wiener process]].)

'''Spatial modelling'''

One classic work in this area is [[Alan Turing]]'s paper on [[morphogenesis]] entitled ''The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis'', published in 1952 in the [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]].
*Travelling waves in a wound-healing assay<ref>http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~maini/public/gallery/twwha.htm
</ref>
*[[Swarming]] behaviour<ref>http://www.math.ubc.ca/people/faculty/keshet/research.html</ref>
*A mechanochemical theory of [[morphogenesis<ref>http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~maini/public/gallery/mctom.htm</ref>
*Biological pattern formation<ref>http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/~maini/public/gallery/bpf.htm</ref>
*Spatial distribution modeling using plot samples<ref>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-1299%28199008%2958%3A3%3C257%3ASDOTMU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage</ref>

==Example of a model: The Cell Cycle==
The eukaryotic [[cell cycle]] is very complex and is one of the most studied topics, since its misregulation results in [[cancer]].
It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mpf.biol.vt.edu/Tyson%20Lab.html |title=Tyson Lab |publisher=Mpf.biol.vt.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref> and the Bela Novak lab (Oxford University<ref>http://cellcycle.mkt.bme.hu/</ref> have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They have recently produced a generic eukaryotic cell cycle model which can represent a particular eukaryote depending on the values of the parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al, 2006).<br />
By means of a system of [[ordinary differential equation]]s these models show the change in time ([[dynamical system]]) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a [[deterministic system|deterministic process]] (whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a [[stochastic process]]).<br />
To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done: first the several models and observations are combined to form a consensus diagram and the appropriate kinetic laws are chosen to write the differential equations, such as [[Reaction rate|rate kinetics]] for stoichiometric reactions, [[Michaelis-Menten kinetics]] for enzyme substrate reactions and [[Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics]] for ultrasensitive transcription factors, afterwards the parameters of the equations (rate constants, enzyme efficiency coefficients and Michealis constants) must be fitted to match observations; when they cannot be fitted the kinetic equation is revised and when that is not possible the wiring diagram is modified. The parameters are fitted and validated using observations of both wild type and mutants, such as protein half-life and cell size.<br />
In order to fit the parameters the differential equations need to be studied. This can be done either by simulation or by analysis. <br />
In a simulation, given a starting [[vector]] (list of the values of the variables), the progression of the system is calculated by solving the equations at each time-frame in small increments.<br />
[[Image:Cell cycle bifurcation diagram.jpg|thumb|500px]] In analysis, the proprieties of the equations are used to investigate the behavior of the system depending of the values of the parameters and variables. A system of differential equations can be represented as a [[vector field]], where each vector described the change (in concentration of two or more protein) determining where and how fast the trajectory (simulation) is heading. Vector fields can have several special points: a [[Fixed point (mathematics)|stable point]], called a sink, that attracts in all directions (forcing the concentrations to be at a certain value), an [[unstable point]], either a source or a [[saddle point]] which repels (forcing the concentrations to change away from a certain value), and a limit cycle, a closed trajectory towards which several trajectories spiral towards (making the concentrations oscillate).<br /> A better representation which can handle the large number of variables and parameters is called a [[bifurcation diagram]]([[Bifurcation theory]]): the presence of these special steady-state points at certain values of a parameter (e.g. mass) is represented by a point and once the parameter passes a certain value, a qualitative change occurs, called a [[bifurcation]], in which the nature of the space changes, with profound consequences for the protein concentrations: the cell cycle has phases (partially corresponding to G1 and G2) in which mass, via a stable point, controls cyclin levels, and phases (S and M phases) in which the concentrations change independently, but once the phase has changed at a bifurcation event ([[Cell cycle checkpoint]]), the system cannot go back to the previous levels since at the current mass the vector field is profoundly different and the mass cannot be reversed back through the bifurcation event, making a checkpoint irreversible. In particular the S and M checkpoints are regulated by means of special bifurcations called a [[Hopf bifurcation]] and an [[infinite period bifurcation]].

==See also==
{{columns-list|2|
*[[Abstract relational biology]]<ref>http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=10758</ref>,<ref>http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/ALists/Authors_R.html</ref>
* [[Biocybernetics]]
* [[Bioinformatics]]
* [[Biologically-inspired computing]]
* [[Biostatistics]]
* [[Cellular automata]]<ref>Baianu, I. C. 1987, Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine., in M. Witten (ed.),''Mathematical Models in Medicine'', vol. '''7'''., Ch.11 Pergamon Press, New York, 1513-1577. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2733h7280521632/ </ref>
* [[Charles S. Peskin]]
* [[Coalescent theory]]
* [[Complex systems biology]]<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/v1rt05876h74v607/?p=2bd3993c33644512ba7069ed7fad0046&pi=1</ref>, <ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7t56r530140r88p/?p=2bd3993c33644512ba7069ed7fad0046&pi=3</ref>,<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/98303486x3l07jx3/</ref>
* [[Computational biology]]
* [[D'Arcy Thompson]]
* [[Dynamic system]]s in Biology<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7t56r530140r88p/?p=2bd3993c33644512ba7069ed7fad0046&pi=3</ref>,<ref>http://cogprints.org/3674/</ref>,<ref>http://cogprints.org/3829/</ref>,<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4327361</ref>,<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/98303486x3l07jx3/</ref>
* [[Epidemiology]]
* [[Ewens's sampling formula]]
* [[Excitable medium]]
* [[Mathematical model]]
* [[Metabolic-replication systems]]<ref>http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/ALists/Authors_R.html</ref>
* [[Morphometrics]]
* [[Neighbour-sensing model]]
* [[Organismic systems (OS)]]
* [[Organismic supercategories]]<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/98303486x3l07jx3/</ref><ref>http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/SupercategoriesOfComplexSystems.html</ref>
* [[Population dynamics of fisheries]]
* [[Population genetics]]
* [[Protein folding]] (also [[BlueGene]] and [[Folding@home]])
* [[Relational biology]]<ref>http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/SupercategoriesOfComplexSystems.html</ref>
* [[Self-reproduction]]
* [[Software for molecular mechanics modeling|Software for molecular modeling]]
* [[Systems biology]]<ref>http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/ALists/Authors_R.html</ref>
* [[Theoretical biology]]<ref>http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/ALists/Authors_R.html</ref>
}}
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Jaleel}}
==References==
[[Category:1976 births]]
=== Bibliographical ===
[[Category:Living people]]
* I. C. Baianu., Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine., ''Monograph'', Ch.11 in M. Witten (Editor), ''Mathematical Models in Medicine'', vol. '''7'''., Vol. '''7''': 1513-1577 (1987),Pergamon Press:New York, (updated by Hsiao Chen Lin in 2004<ref>http://cogprints.org/3718/1/COMPUTER_SIMULATIONCOMPUTABILITYBIOSYSTEMSrefnew.pdf</ref>,<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2733h7280521632/</ref>,<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/n8gw445012267381/</ref> ISBN 0080363776 <ref>http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Mathematical_Models_in_Medicine/0080363776/</ref>.
[[Category:African American actors]]
*S.H. Strogatz, ''Nonlinear dynamics and Chaos: Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering.'' Perseus, 2001, ISBN 0-7382-0453-6
[[Category:American child actors]]
*N.G. van Kampen, ''Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry'', North Holland., 3rd ed. 2001, ISBN 0-444-89349-0
[[Category:American film actors]]
*P.G. Drazin, ''Nonlinear systems''. [[Cambridge University Press|C.U.P.]], 1992. ISBN 0-521-40668-4
[[Category:American television actors]]
*L. Edelstein-Keshet, ''Mathematical Models in Biology''. SIAM, 2004. ISBN 0-07-554950-6
[[Category:American voice actors]]
*G. Forgacs and S. A. Newman, ''Biological Physics of the Developing Embryo''. C.U.P., 2005. ISBN 0-521-78337-2
[[Category:California actors]]
*A. Goldbeter, ''Biochemical oscillations and cellular rhythms''. C.U.P., 1996. ISBN 0-521-59946-6
[[Category:People from Pasadena, California]]
*L.G. Harrison, ''Kinetic theory of living pattern''. C.U.P., 1993. ISBN 0-521-30691-4
*F. Hoppensteadt, ''Mathematical theories of populations: demographics, genetics and epidemics''. SIAM, Philadelphia, 1975 (reprinted 1993). ISBN 0-89871-017-0
*D.W. Jordan and P. Smith, ''Nonlinear ordinary differential equations'', 2nd ed. O.U.P., 1987. ISBN 0-19-856562-3
*J.D. Murray, ''Mathematical Biology''. Springer-Verlag, 3rd ed. in 2 vols.: ''Mathematical Biology: I. An Introduction'', 2002 ISBN 0-387-95223-3; ''Mathematical Biology: II. Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications'', 2003 ISBN 0-387-95228-4.
*E. Renshaw, ''Modelling biological populations in space and time''. C.U.P., 1991. ISBN 0-521-44855-7
*S.I. Rubinow, ''Introduction to mathematical biology''. John Wiley, 1975. ISBN 0-471-74446-8
*L.A. Segel, ''Modeling dynamic phenomena in molecular and cellular biology''. C.U.P., 1984. ISBN 0-521-27477-X
*L. Preziosi, ''Cancer Modelling and Simulation''. Chapman Hall/CRC Press, 2003. ISBN 1-58488-361-8


=== External ===
*F. Hoppensteadt, ''[http://www.ams.org/notices/199509/hoppensteadt.pdf Getting Started in Mathematical Biology]''. Notices of American Mathematical Society, Sept. 1995.
*[[Michael C. Reed|M. C. Reed]], ''[http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~jxshix/math490/reed.pdf Why Is Mathematical Biology So Hard?]'' Notices of American Mathematical Society, March, 2004.
*R. M. May, ''[http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~jxshix/math490/may.pdf Uses and Abuses of Mathematics in Biology]''. Science, February 6, 2004.
*J. D. Murray, ''[http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~jxshix/math490/murray.doc How the leopard gets its spots?]'' Scientific American, 258(3): 80-87, 1988.
* S. Schnell, R. Grima, P. K. Maini, ''[http://eprints.maths.ox.ac.uk/567/01/224.pdf Multiscale Modeling in Biology]'', American Scientist, Vol 95, pages 134-142, March-April 2007.
*Chen KC et al. Integrative analysis of cell cycle control in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Aug;15(8):3841-62.
*Csikász-Nagy A et al. Analysis of a generic model of eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation. Biophys J. 2006 Jun 15;90(12):4361-79.
*Fuss H, et al. Mathematical models of cell cycle regulation. Brief Bioinform. 2005 Jun;6(2):163-77.
*Lovrics A et al. ''[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2105-7-494.pdf Time scale and dimension analysis of a budding yeast cell cycle model.]'' BMC Bioinform. 2006 Nov 9;7:494.

==Notes: Inline and online==
<references/>

==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
*[http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/index.html Theoretical and Mathematical Biology website]
*[http://biocyb.cs.ucla.edu/research.html UCLA Biocybernetics Laboratory]
*[http://www.tucs.fi/research/labs/combio.php TUCS Computational Biomodelling Laboratory]
*[http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/english/e3senko-1.html Nagoya University Division of Biomodeling]
*[http://www.bmi2.bmt.tue.nl/Biomedinf/ Technische Universiteit Biomodeling and Informatics]
*[http://wiki.biological-cybernetics.de BioCybernetics Wiki, a vertical wiki on biomedical cybernetics and systems biology]
* [http://www.biostatsresearch.com/repository/ The Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive]
* [http://www.bepress.com/sagmb/ Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology]
* [http://www.bepress.com/ijb/ The International Journal of Biostatistics]
*[http://www.smb.org/ Society for Mathematical Biology]
*[http://www.esmtb.org/ European Society for Mathematical and Theoretical Biology]
*[http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/bio/ Biomathematics Research Centre at University of Canterbury]
*[http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/cmb/ Centre for Mathematical Biology at Oxford University]
*[http://mathbio.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/ Mathematical Biology at the National Institute for Medical Research]
*[http://www.imbm.org/ Institute for Medical BioMathematics]
* [http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/solutions/syspde/spde-toc2.pdf ''Mathematical Biology Systems of Differential Equations''] from EqWorld: The World of Mathematical Equations
*[http://sbw.kgi.edu Systems Biology Workbench - a set of tools for modelling biochemical networks]

{{Biology-footer}}

[[Category:Bioinformatics]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Interdisciplinary fields]]
[[Category:Biostatistics]]
[[Category:Mathematical biology| ]]


[[ca:Biologia matemàtica]]
[[ar:جليل وايت]]
[[es:Biología matemática]]
[[de:Jaleel White]]
[[fr:Biomathématique]]
[[es:Jaleel White]]
[[hu:Biomatematika]]
[[fr:Jaleel White]]
[[ja:数理生物学]]
[[is:Jaleel White]]
[[pl:Biomatematyka]]
[[it:Jaleel White]]
[[he:ג'ליל וייט]]
[[ro:Biomatematică]]
[[sk:Biomatematika]]
[[simple:Jaleel White]]
[[fi:Matemaattinen biologia]]
[[sv:Jaleel White]]
[[sv:Matematisk biologi]]
[[vi:Toán sinh học]]
[[uk:Математична біологія]]
[[zh:生物数学]]

Revision as of 19:10, 12 October 2008

Jaleel White
Born
Jaleel Ahmad White
OccupationActor
Years active1984 - present

Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel/Stefan Urquelle on the TV series Family Matters from 1989 to 1998, and Sonic the Hedgehog on Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic Underground.

Biography

Personal life

White was born in Pasadena, California, the son of Gail, a manager, and Michael White, a dentist.[1] White attended Huntington Middle School in San Marino, California and part of high school at John Marshall Fundamental Secondary School in Pasadena, California. As a high school senior, he attended South Pasadena High School where he would graduate.

Early career

White got his start on TV commercials at age three with Kellogg's after his preschool teacher persuaded his reluctant parents to take him to auditions. He landed his first television role as Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight's son on the CBS series Charlie and Company. He next appeared on another CBS comedy series, The Jeffersons. White also appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss in 1987, and had a role in the 1990 television movie Camp Cucamonga that also featured Candace Cameron (Full House), Danica McKellar and Josh Saviano (The Wonder Years), Breckin Meyer, and Jennifer Aniston.

Family Matters

At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters. The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role. He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel. During the height of Family Matter's popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed as breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and a doll.[2]In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes including one that was the series highest rated at age 19.[1][3]

After the series ended its nine year run in 1997, White had grown tired of the role. Shortly after the series wrapped, he stated in an interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery."[4]Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that it became hard for him to get other roles.

Post Family Matters

In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups. The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood. He also co-produced and wrote episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult. The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye famous for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate.[5] The writing and comedy was bland and dissimilar from other sitcoms, and Frye was even removed from the series after the pilot. It was cancelled after one season.

White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms however; he has done voice work for several animated projects including the 1998 film Quest for Camelot. In 1999, he provided the voice for Martin Luther King, Jr. in Our Friend, Martin. He was also the voice of the famed video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in most of the American TV shows - Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Sonic Underground, as well as a Christmas special.

In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree with film and television.[6]White has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar and Dreamgirls, and was featured in lead role in the 2006 comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad?. In 2007, he guest starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Pool and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal.

Suicide hoax

In June 2006, an internet rumor was spread via email that White had committed suicide. The email contained a fake Associated Press report stating that White was found dead in his Los Angeles apartment after shooting himself. The report, which contained fake quotes from former co-stars and associates, also claimed that White left behind a suicide note that contained Steve Urkel's popular catch phrase, "Did I do that?". No legitimate news outlets ever picked up the story.[7] Five months after the hoax, White addressed the rumor stating, "I don’t even know what to say about that darned thing. As much as you try to live your life your right, you’re gonna get sucker-punched now and then. That was my sucker punch back in June".[8]

Filmography

Film
Year Film Role Notes
1998 Quest for Camelot Bladebeak Voice
1999 Our Friend, Martin Martin at age 15 Voice
2002 Big Fat Liar Himself Uncredited
2006 Miracle Dogs Too Leo
Puff, Puff, Pass Tenant #2 Uncredited
Who Made the Potatoe Salad Michael
Dreamgirls Talent Booker
2008 Kissing Cousins Antwone
Green Flash Jason Bootie
Call of the Wild Dr. Spencer
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1984 The Jeffersons Van Van Morris 1 episode
Silence of the Heart Hanry Television movie, uncredited
1985 Kids Don't Tell Christofer Television movie
Charlie & Co. Robert Richmond 18 episodes
1986 The Leftovers Jake Television movie
1987 Mr. Belvedere Ernie Masters 1 episode
Good Morning, Miss Bliss Bobby Wilson 1 episode
Jay Leno's Family Comedy Hour
1988 Cadets Cadet Nicholls Unknown episodes
1989-1998 Family Matters Steve Urkel
Stefan Urquelle
Myrtle Urkel
Bruce Lee Urkel 		125 episodes
1990 Camp Cucamonga Dennis Brooks Television movie
1991 Full House Steve Urkel 2 episodes
1991-1997 Step by Step Steve Urkel 2 episodes
1993 The Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice) 30 episodes
1993-1994 Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice) 26 episodes
1995 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Derek 1 episode
1996 Sonic Christmas Blast! Sonic the Hedgehog (Voice) Television movie
1997 Meego Steve Urkel 2 episodes
1999 Sonic Underground Manic (Voice) 16 episodes
1999-2000 Grown Ups J. Calvin Frazier 22 episodes
2003 111 Gramercy Park BJ Brown Unsold pilot
2005 Half & Half Hershel 1 episode
2007 The Game Chris 1 episode
Boston Legal Kevin Givens 1 episode

Awards and nominations

Year Award Result Category Series
1985 Young Artist Award Nominated Best Young Actor - Guest in a Television Series The Jeffersons
1986 Nominated Best Young Supporting Actor in a New Television Series Charlie & Co.
1991 Won Outstanding Young Comedian in a Television Series Family Matters
1994 NAACP Image Awards Won Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress Family Matters
1995 Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress Family Matters
1996 Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Family Matters
1997 Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Family Matters
1996 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominated Favorite Television Actor Family Matters

References

  1. ^ a b Jaleel White Biography (1976-present)
  2. ^ "Family Matters: 1989-1998". People. 2000-06-26. Retrieved 2008-10-11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ Rhudy, Ben (2006-11-12). "M&C Exclusive Interview: Jaleel White talks "Who Made the Potatoe Salad?"". monstersandcritics.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  4. ^ Noxon, Christopher (1999-08-22). "Jaleel White ('Don't Call Me Urkel') Grows Up". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Tucker, Ken (1999-09-10). "Mo' and More". ew.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  6. ^ "Star Graduate". Jet. 2001-07-09. Retrieved 2008-10-11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara. "Did I Do That?". snopes.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  8. ^ Harris, Will (2006-11-05). "A Chat with Jaleel White". premiumhollywood.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.

External links


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