St Michael Paternoster Royal: Difference between revisions

St Michael Paternoster Royal
St Michael Paternoster Royal
	Photo of St Michael Paternoster Royal
Location	London
Country	England
Denomination	Church of England
Previous denomination	Roman Catholicism
Architecture
Heritage designation	Grade I listed building
Architect(s)	Christopher Wren
Style	Baroque
Years built	1694
Administration
Diocese	London
Clergy
Bishop(s)	Bishop of London
Archdeacon	Archdeacon of London

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St Michael Paternoster Royal is a church in the City of London. The original building, which was first recorded in the 13th century, was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. The church was rebuilt under the aegis of Sir Christopher Wren. However St Michael's was severely damaged during the London Blitz in the Second World War. It was restored between 1966 and 1968.

In 1423 Richard "Dick" Whittington, the fabled Lord Mayor of London, was buried within its precincts; although the tomb is now lost.^[1]

History[edit]

Pre-Great Fire London had seven churches dedicated to the Archangel Michael, all but one (St Michael le Querne) of which were rebuilt after the Great Fire. The earliest record of St Michael's is as St Michael of Paternosterchierch and is dated 1219.^[2] The suffix comes from its location on Paternoster Lane, (now College Hill), which, in turn was named after the sellers of paternosters – or rosaries – based there. The suffix Royal is first recorded in the next century and refers to another nearby street, now vanished, called Le Ryole, which was a corruption of La Reole, a town in Bordeaux. This street was so named due to the presence of numerous wine merchants.

A local resident in the early 15th century was Richard Whittington,^[3] four times Lord Mayor of London. One of his earlier philanthropic acts, made in 1409, was to pay for the rebuilding and extension of St Michael Paternoster Royal after a vacant plot of land was acquired in Le Ryole. He later founded the College of St Spirit and St Mary within the church, so that St Michael's became a collegiate church, i.e. it was administered by a college of priests, in this case five, instead of a rector. It was commonly known as Whittington's College, or Whittington College.^[4] (The college was relocated from College Hill to Highgate Hill c. 1820s, and removed again in 1966 to Felbridge, West Sussex.^[5])

Adjacent to the church, Whittington also founded an almshouse. The college was dissolved by Edward VI in 1548; but was re-established in a new entity a few years later under Queen Mary.^[6] The title seems in any case to have persisted for the church, giving the names of College Street,^[7] and College Hill.^[8] The almshouse moved to Highgate in 1808 and later to its present location in East Grinstead in 1966.

Sir Richard was buried in St Michael's in 1423 on the south side of the altar near his wife, Alice. John Stow records that Whittington's body was dug up by the then Rector Thomas Mountain, during the reign of Edward VI, in the belief that he had been buried with treasure. He was not, so Mountain took his leaden shroud. The grave was dug up again during the reign of Mary I and his body re-covered in lead. An attempt to find his grave in 1949 did uncover a mummified cat, but no Lord Mayor's body.

Other worthies buried in the pre-Fire church were William Oldhall (d. 1459) Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Mayors John Yonge (d. 1466) and William Bayley (d. 1524), Peter Blundell (d. 1601) founder of Blundell's School, (mentioned in Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone) and the Cavalier poet John Cleveland (d. 1658).

After the church's destruction in the Fire, the parish was united with that of St Martin Vintry, also destroyed but not rebuilt. Construction of a new church began in 1685 (one of the last of the 51 churches to be rebuilt) and stopped in 1688 owing to the financial uncertainty associated with the Glorious Revolution. Building began again the next year, supervised and built by Wren's master mason Edward Strong the Elder. It was finished in 1694.^[9] Its steeple was built between 1713 and 1717.^[10] The cost of the rebuilding totalled £8,937.

A monument to another Lord Mayor, Sir Samuel Pennant, sculpted by Michael Rysbrack, survives from 1750. Pennant died from jail fever caught from prisoners in the court dock.

St Michael's underwent a number of renovations in the 19th century, by James Elmes in 1820, William Butterfield in 1866 and Ewan Christian in 1894. Their work was lost on 23 July 1944 when the church was hit by a V1 flying bomb, leaving only its walls and tower.

Services continued in the remaining shell until 1955. A proposal by the diocese to demolish the walls and preserve the tower only was successfully opposed by the City of London Corporation, and the church restored by Elidir Davies between 1966 and 1968. It is the latest City church to be restored.

St Michael's was reopened by the Duke of Edinburgh on 19 December 1968 as the Headquarters of the Mission to Seamen (now Mission to Seafarers), an Anglican organisation which supports chaplains in ports around the world. It is also supported by City Livery Companies.^[11]

St Michael Paternoster Royal is a chapel within the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London and since 2018 the office of the Bishop of London has been based there.^[12]

Architecture[edit]

St Michael's is rectangular in plan, with only the west front on College Hill being slightly out of true. Before the Second World War the south front was hemmed in by buildings. Following bomb damage, these buildings were cleared and Whittington Garden laid out on their site, so that St Michael's main façade is now on the south, along Upper Thames Street. The south front is faced with Portland stone and has six round-headed windows with cherub keystones. The less prominent north and east fronts are of brick. The roof is balustraded.^[13]

The entrance is through the tower in the southwest corner. This has a round-headed window at the lowest level, then a circular window, then a square-headed belfry window. At the top is a pierced parapet with square urns on the corners. The stone spire was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and is similar to those of St Stephen Walbrook, St James Garlickhythe and, to a lesser extent, the west towers of St Paul's Cathedral. It is an open octagon formed by eight Ionic columns, each with its own entablature and topped by an urn. Above this is another, smaller, octagon with another eight columns with urns. Above the second octagon is a tiny dome surmounted by a pennant vane. The height of the tower and steeple is 128 ft.

St Michael Paternoster Royal was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.^[14]

Interior[edit]

St Michael's interior is partitioned, reflecting the church's dual purpose. The west of the building, roughly corresponding with the plan to the original 13th-century church, accommodates a hall, vestibule and the offices of the Mission to Seafarers.

The chapel is housed in the larger, eastern, part of the church. The east wall includes three stained glass windows designed by John Hayward in 1968. The main window depicts St Michael trampling a red-winged Satan. The windows on either side show the Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus^[15] and Adam and Eve with St Gabriel and the serpent. On the south wall, another stained glass window depicts Dick Whittington with his cat.

The reredos is original, with four Corinthian columns and two flaming urns. Before it are seventeenth-century Baroque statues of Moses and Aaron, moved here from All-Hallows-the-Great on that church's demolition in 1894: the statues’ hands were blown off in the war and have been replaced; Moses previously held a pointer, indicating the Decalogue, while Aaron held a censer – he now raises his hands in a blessing.

Also from All-Hallows-the-Great is the elaborate chandelier, marked "Birmingham 1644". The organ case is a replica of the 1749 organ case taken from All-Hallows-the-Great but destroyed in the War. It houses a Noel Mander organ, as well as, in front of the organ gallery, a rare contemporary representation of King William III's arms.

The pulpit, communion rails and lectern date from the seventeenth century, but the rest of the woodwork was installed in the 1960s.

Burials[edit]

Richard Whittington (c. 1354–1423), though his tomb is now lost
Samuel Pennant

References[edit]

^ "The City of London Churches: monuments of another age" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p84: London; Quartet; 1975
^ The London Encyclopaedia; Hibbert, C.; Weinreb, B.; Keay, J. London: Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev. 1993, 2008) ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5
^ London: the City Churches; Pevsner, N.; Bradley, S. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-300-09655-0
^ British History Online page
^ Duncan, Andrew (2006). "History of the Memorable Sir Richard Whittington". Secret London. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1845373057.
^ Loades, David. "Mountain, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Whittington, Richard" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ www.british-history.ac.uk
^ "The City Churches" Tabor, M. p95:London; The Swarthmore Press Ltd; 1917
^ The Old Churches of London; Cobb, G. London: Batsford, 1942
^ Curriers' Annual Service of Thanksgiving
^ "Sarah Mullally".
^ The City of London Churches Betjeman, J. Andover: Pitkin, 1967 ISBN 0-85372-112-2
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1286707)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
^ The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches; Tucker, T. London: Friends of the City Churches, 2006 ISBN 0-9553945-0-3

External links[edit]

St Michael Paternoster Royal from Friends of the City Churches
www.missiontoseafarers.org
360° panorama inside St Michael Paternoster Royal

51°30′40.22″N 0°5′31.76″W / 51.5111722°N 0.0921556°W / 51.5111722; -0.0921556

[1] "The City of London Churches: monuments of another age" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p84: London; Quartet; 1975

[2] The London Encyclopaedia; Hibbert, C.; Weinreb, B.; Keay, J. London: Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev. 1993, 2008) ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5

[3] London: the City Churches; Pevsner, N.; Bradley, S. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-300-09655-0

[4] British History Online page

[5] Duncan, Andrew (2006). "History of the Memorable Sir Richard Whittington". Secret London. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1845373057.

[6] Loades, David. "Mountain, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[7] "Whittington, Richard" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

[8] www.british-history.ac.uk

[9] "The City Churches" Tabor, M. p95:London; The Swarthmore Press Ltd; 1917

[10] The Old Churches of London; Cobb, G. London: Batsford, 1942

[11] Curriers' Annual Service of Thanksgiving

[12] "Sarah Mullally".

[13] The City of London Churches Betjeman, J. Andover: Pitkin, 1967 ISBN 0-85372-112-2

[14] Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1286707)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.

[15] The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches; Tucker, T. London: Friends of the City Churches, 2006 ISBN 0-9553945-0-3

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | name             = St Michael Paternoster Royal
 | fullname         =
 | image            = St. Michael Paternoster Royal.JPG
 | imagesize        =
 | caption          = Photo of '''St Michael Paternoster Royal'''
 | denomination     = [[Church of England]]
+| previous denomination = [[Roman Catholicism]]
 | diocese          = [[Diocese of London|London]]
 | parish           =
@@ Line 16: / Line 15: @@
 | founded date     =
 | founder          =
-| architect        = [[Sir]] [[Christopher Wren]]
+| architect        = [[Christopher Wren]]
 | style            = [[Baroque]]
 | heritage designation  = Grade I [[listed building]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 | seniorpastor     =
 | pastor           =
-| location          = [[City of London]]
+| location          = London
-| country          = {{UK}}
+| country          = England
 | website          =
 }}
-'''St Michael Paternoster Royal''' is a [[Church (building)|church]] in the [[City of London]]. The original building, which was first recorded in the 13th century, was destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire of London in 1666]]. The church was rebuilt under the aegis of [[Sir Christopher Wren]]. However St Michael’s was severely damaged during the [[London Blitz]] in the [[Second World War]]. It was restored between 1966 and 1968.
+'''St Michael Paternoster Royal''' is a [[Church (building)|church]] in the [[City of London]]. The original building, which was first recorded in the 13th century, was destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire of London in 1666]]. The church was rebuilt under the aegis of [[Sir Christopher Wren]]. However St Michael's was severely damaged during the [[London Blitz]] in the [[Second World War]]. It was restored between 1966 and 1968.
-In 1423 [[Richard Whittington|Richard "Dick" Whittington]], the fabled [[Lord Mayor of London]], was buried within its precincts; although the tomb is now lost.
+In 1423 [[Richard Whittington|Richard "Dick" Whittington]], the fabled [[Lord Mayor of London]], was buried within its precincts; although the tomb is now lost.<ref>"The City of London Churches: monuments of another age" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p84: London; Quartet; 1975</ref>
 ==History==
-Pre-Great Fire London had seven churches dedicated to the [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]], all but one (St Michael le Querne) of which were rebuilt after the Great Fire.  The earliest record of St Michael’s is as ''St Michael of Paternosterchierch'' and is dated 1219.<ref>''The London Encyclopaedia''; Hibbert, C.; Weinreb, B.; Keay, J. London: Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev. 1993, 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4050-4924-5}}</ref>  The suffix comes from its location on Paternoster Lane, (now College Hill), which, in turn was named after the sellers of [[paternoster]]s – or rosaries – based there.  The suffix ''Royal'' is first recorded in the next century and refers to another nearby street, now vanished, called ''Le Ryole'', which was a corruption of La Reole, a town in [[Bordeaux]].  This street was so named due to the presence of numerous wine merchants.
+Pre-Great Fire London had seven churches dedicated to the [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]], all but one (St Michael le Querne) of which were rebuilt after the Great Fire. The earliest record of St Michael's is as ''St Michael of Paternosterchierch'' and is dated 1219.<ref>''The London Encyclopaedia''; Hibbert, C.; Weinreb, B.; Keay, J. London: Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev. 1993, 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4050-4924-5}}</ref> The suffix comes from its location on Paternoster Lane, (now College Hill), which, in turn was named after the sellers of [[Paternoster (rosary)|paternoster]]s – or rosaries – based there. The suffix ''Royal'' is first recorded in the next century and refers to another nearby street, now vanished, called ''Le Ryole'', which was a corruption of La Reole, a town in [[Bordeaux]]. This street was so named due to the presence of numerous wine merchants.
-A local resident in the early 15th century was [[Richard Whittington]],<ref>''London: the City Churches'';  Pevsner, N.; Bradley, S. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998 {{ISBN|0-300-09655-0}}</ref> four times [[Lord Mayor of London]].  One of his earlier philanthropic acts, made in 1409, was to pay for the rebuilding and extension of St Michael Paternoster Royal after a vacant plot of land was acquired in Le Ryole.  He later founded the College of St Spirit and St Mary within the church, so that St Michael's became a [[collegiate church]], i.e. it was administered by a college of [[priest]]s, in this case five, instead of a [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]].  It was commonly known as '''Whittington's College''', or '''Whittington College'''.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=35393 ''British History Online'' page]</ref>  (The college was relocated from College Hill to [[Highgate Hill]] c. 1820s, and removed again in 1966 to [[Felbridge]], [[West Sussex]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Duncan|first=Andrew|chapter=History of the Memorable Sir Richard Whittington|title=Secret London|place=London|publisher=New Holland Publishers|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1KKu8jmM24C&pg=PA91|page=91|isbn=1845373057}}</ref>)
+A local resident in the early 15th century was [[Richard Whittington]],<ref>''London: the City Churches''; Pevsner, N.; Bradley, S. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998 {{ISBN|0-300-09655-0}}</ref> four times [[Lord Mayor of London]]. One of his earlier philanthropic acts, made in 1409, was to pay for the rebuilding and extension of St Michael Paternoster Royal after a vacant plot of land was acquired in Le Ryole. He later founded the College of St Spirit and St Mary within the church, so that St Michael's became a [[collegiate church]], i.e. it was administered by a college of [[priest]]s, in this case five, instead of a [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]]. It was commonly known as '''Whittington's College''', or '''Whittington College'''.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=35393 ''British History Online'' page]</ref> (The college was relocated from College Hill to [[Highgate|Highgate Hill]] c. 1820s, and removed again in 1966 to [[Felbridge]], [[West Sussex]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Duncan|first=Andrew|chapter=History of the Memorable Sir Richard Whittington|title=Secret London|place=London|publisher=New Holland Publishers|year=2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1KKu8jmM24C&pg=PA91|page=91|isbn=1845373057}}</ref>)
-Adjacent to the church, Whittington also founded an [[almshouse]].  The college was [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] by [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] in 1548; but was re-established in a new entity a few years later under [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|title=Mountain, Thomas|first=David|last=Loades}}</ref> The title seems in any case to have persisted for the church, giving the names of College Street,<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Whittington, Richard}}</ref> and College Hill.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63084 www.british-history.ac.uk]</ref> The almshouse moved to [[Highgate]] in 1808 and later to its present location in [[East Grinstead]] in 1966.
+Adjacent to the church, Whittington also founded an [[almshouse]]. The college was [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] by [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] in 1548; but was re-established in a new entity a few years later under [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|title=Mountain, Thomas|first=David|last=Loades}}</ref> The title seems in any case to have persisted for the church, giving the names of College Street,<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Whittington, Richard}}</ref> and College Hill.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63084 www.british-history.ac.uk]</ref> The almshouse moved to [[Highgate]] in 1808 and later to its present location in [[East Grinstead]] in 1966.
-Sir Richard was buried in St Michael’s in 1423 on the south side of the altar near his wife, Alice.  [[John Stow]] records that Whittington’s body was dug up by the then Rector Thomas Mountain, during the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]], in the belief that he had been buried with treasure.  He was not, so Mountain took his leaden shroud.  The grave was dug up again during the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] and his body re-covered in lead.  An attempt to find his grave in 1949 did uncover a mummified cat, but no Lord Mayor's body.
+Sir Richard was buried in St Michael's in 1423 on the south side of the altar near his wife, Alice. [[John Stow]] records that Whittington's body was dug up by the then Rector Thomas Mountain, during the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]], in the belief that he had been buried with treasure. He was not, so Mountain took his leaden shroud. The grave was dug up again during the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] and his body re-covered in lead. An attempt to find his grave in 1949 did uncover a mummified cat, but no Lord Mayor's body.
 Other worthies buried in the pre-Fire church were [[William Oldhall]] (d. 1459) Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Mayors John Yonge (d. 1466) and William Bayley (d. 1524), [[Peter Blundell]] (d. 1601) founder of [[Blundell's School]], (mentioned in Blackmore's novel ''[[Lorna Doone]]'') and the Cavalier poet [[John Cleveland]] (d. 1658).
-After the church’s destruction in the Fire, the parish was united with that of [[St Martin Vintry]], also destroyed but not rebuilt.  Construction of a new church began in 1685 (one of the last of the 51 churches to be rebuilt) and stopped in 1688 owing to the financial uncertainty associated with the [[Glorious Revolution]].  Building began again the next year and finished in 1694.  Its [[Steeple (architecture)|steeple]] was built between 1713 and 1717.<ref>''The Old Churches of London''; Cobb, G. London: Batsford, 1942</ref>  The cost of the rebuilding totalled  £8,937.
+After the church's destruction in the Fire, the parish was united with that of [[St Martin Vintry]], also destroyed but not rebuilt. Construction of a new church began in 1685 (one of the last of the 51 churches to be rebuilt) and stopped in 1688 owing to the financial uncertainty associated with the [[Glorious Revolution]]. Building began again the next year, supervised and built by Wren's master mason [[Edward Strong the Elder]]. It was finished in 1694.<ref>"The City Churches" Tabor, M. p95:London; The Swarthmore Press Ltd; 1917</ref> Its [[Steeple (architecture)|steeple]] was built between 1713 and 1717.<ref>''The Old Churches of London''; Cobb, G. London: Batsford, 1942</ref> The cost of the rebuilding totalled £8,937.
 [[File:Archway through to Turner's Courtyard, College Hill - geograph.org.uk - 923916.jpg|thumb|left|130px| Turners' Courtyard]]
-A monument to another Lord Mayor, [[Sir Samuel Pennant]], sculpted by [[John Michael Rysbrack|Michael Rysbrack]], survives from 1750.  Pennant died from [[Typhus|jail fever]] caught from prisoners in the court dock.
+A monument to another Lord Mayor, [[Sir Samuel Pennant]], sculpted by [[John Michael Rysbrack|Michael Rysbrack]], survives from 1750. Pennant died from [[Typhus|jail fever]] caught from prisoners in the court dock.
-St Michael’s underwent a number of renovations in the 19th century, by [[James Elmes]] in 1820, [[William Butterfield]] in 1866 and [[Ewan Christian]] in 1894.  Their work was lost on 23 July 1944 when the church was hit by a [[V-1 flying bomb|V1]] flying bomb, leaving only its walls and tower.
+St Michael's underwent a number of renovations in the 19th century, by [[James Elmes]] in 1820, [[William Butterfield]] in 1866 and [[Ewan Christian]] in 1894. Their work was lost on 23 July 1944 when the church was hit by a [[V-1 flying bomb|V1]] flying bomb, leaving only its walls and tower.
-Services continued in the remaining shell until 1955.  A proposal by the diocese to demolish the walls and preserve the tower only was successfully opposed by the City of London Corporation, and the church restored by Elidir Davies between 1966 and 1968.  It is the latest [[City of London|City]] church to be restored.
+Services continued in the remaining shell until 1955. A proposal by the diocese to demolish the walls and preserve the tower only was successfully opposed by the City of London Corporation, and the church restored by Elidir Davies between 1966 and 1968. It is the latest [[City of London|City]] church to be restored.
-St Michael’s was reopened by the [[Duke of Edinburgh]] on 19 December 1968 as the Headquarters of the Mission to Seamen (now [[Mission to Seafarers]]), an Anglican organisation which supports [[chaplain]]s in ports around the world. It is also supported by City Livery Companies.<ref>[http://www.curriers.co.uk/election-court-thanksgiving-service-and-common-hall-11-october/ ''Curriers' Annual Service of Thanksgiving'']</ref>
+St Michael's was reopened by the [[Duke of Edinburgh]] on 19 December 1968 as the Headquarters of the Mission to Seamen (now [[Mission to Seafarers]]), an Anglican organisation which supports [[chaplain]]s in ports around the world. It is also supported by City Livery Companies.<ref>[http://www.curriers.co.uk/election-court-thanksgiving-service-and-common-hall-11-october/ ''Curriers' Annual Service of Thanksgiving'']</ref>
-St Michael Paternoster Royal is a [[chapel]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Bishop of London]].
+St Michael Paternoster Royal is a [[chapel]] within the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London and since 2018 the office of the [[Bishop of London]] has been based there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.anglican.org/directory/rt-hon-dame-sarah-mullally/|title = Sarah Mullally}}</ref>
 ==Architecture==
-St Michael’s is rectangular in plan, with only the west front on College Hill being slightly out of true.  Before the Second World War the south front was hemmed in by buildings.  Following bomb damage, these buildings were cleared and Whittington Garden laid out on their site, so that St Michael’s main façade is now on the south, along Upper Thames Street.  The south front is faced with [[Portland stone]] and has six round-headed windows with cherub keystones.  The less prominent north and east fronts are of brick.  The roof is balustraded.<ref>''The City of London Churches'' [[John Betjeman|Betjeman, J.]] Andover: Pitkin, 1967 {{ISBN|0-85372-112-2}}</ref>
+St Michael's is rectangular in plan, with only the west front on College Hill being slightly out of true. Before the Second World War the south front was hemmed in by buildings. Following bomb damage, these buildings were cleared and Whittington Garden laid out on their site, so that St Michael's main façade is now on the south, along Upper Thames Street. The south front is faced with [[Portland stone]] and has six round-headed windows with cherub keystones. The less prominent north and east fronts are of brick. The roof is balustraded.<ref>''The City of London Churches'' [[John Betjeman|Betjeman, J.]] Andover: Pitkin, 1967 {{ISBN|0-85372-112-2}}</ref>
 [[File:Flagpole outside "The Seaman's Church" - geograph.org.uk - 923983.jpg|thumb|right|120px| Seamen's Church]]
-The entrance is through the tower in the southwest corner.  This has a round-headed window at the lowest level, then a circular window, then a square-headed belfry window.  At the top is a pierced parapet with square urns on the corners.  The stone [[spire]] was designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] and is similar to those of [[St Stephen Walbrook]], [[St James Garlickhythe]] and, to a lesser extent, the west towers of [[St Paul’s Cathedral]].  It is an open octagon formed by eight [[Ionic column]]s, each with its own [[entablature]] and topped by an urn.  Above this is another, smaller, octagon with another eight columns with urns.  Above the second octagon is a tiny dome surmounted by a pennant vane.  The height of the tower and steeple is 128&nbsp;ft.
+The entrance is through the tower in the southwest corner. This has a round-headed window at the lowest level, then a circular window, then a square-headed belfry window. At the top is a pierced parapet with square urns on the corners. The stone [[spire]] was designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] and is similar to those of [[St Stephen Walbrook]], [[St James Garlickhythe]] and, to a lesser extent, the west towers of [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. It is an open octagon formed by eight [[Ionic column]]s, each with its own [[entablature]] and topped by an urn. Above this is another, smaller, octagon with another eight columns with urns. Above the second octagon is a tiny dome surmounted by a pennant vane. The height of the tower and steeple is 128&nbsp;ft.
-St Michael Paternoster Royal was designated a Grade I [[listed building]] on 4 January 1950.<ref>{{IoE|199391|accessdate=23 January 2009}}</ref>
+St Michael Paternoster Royal was designated a Grade I [[listed building]] on 4 January 1950.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1286707 |access-date=23 January 2009}}</ref>
 ==Interior==
 [[File:St Michael Paternoster Royal, College Hill, London EC4 - Window - geograph.org.uk - 1085224.jpg|thumb|upright|The main stained glass window: St Michael and Satan]]
-St Michael’s interior is partitioned, reflecting the church’s dual purpose.  The west of the building, roughly corresponding with the plan to the original 13th-century church, accommodates a hall, vestibule and the offices of the [[Mission to Seafarers]].
+St Michael's interior is partitioned, reflecting the church's dual purpose. The west of the building, roughly corresponding with the plan to the original 13th-century church, accommodates a hall, vestibule and the offices of the [[Mission to Seafarers]].
-The chapel is housed in the larger, eastern, part of the church.  The east wall includes three stained glass windows designed by John Hayward in 1968.  The main window depicts St Michael trampling a red-winged Satan.  The windows on either side show the Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus<ref>''The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches''; Tucker, T. London: Friends of the City Churches, 2006 {{ISBN|0-9553945-0-3}}</ref> and Adam and Eve with St Gabriel and the serpent.  On the south wall, another stained glass window depicts Dick Whittington with his cat.
+The chapel is housed in the larger, eastern, part of the church. The east wall includes three stained glass windows designed by John Hayward in 1968. The main window depicts St Michael trampling a red-winged Satan. The windows on either side show the Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus<ref>''The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches''; Tucker, T. London: Friends of the City Churches, 2006 {{ISBN|0-9553945-0-3}}</ref> and Adam and Eve with St Gabriel and the serpent. On the south wall, another stained glass window depicts Dick Whittington with his cat.
-The [[reredos]] is original, with four [[Corinthian column]]s and two flaming urns.  Before it are seventeenth-century [[Baroque]] statues of [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]], moved here from [[All-Hallows-the-Great]] on that church’s demolition in 1894: the statues’ hands were blown off in the war and have been replaced; Moses previously held a pointer, indicating the [[Decalogue]], while Aaron held a censer – he now raises his hands in a blessing.
+The [[reredos]] is original, with four [[Corinthian column]]s and two flaming urns. Before it are seventeenth-century [[Baroque]] statues of [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]], moved here from [[All-Hallows-the-Great]] on that church's demolition in 1894: the statues’ hands were blown off in the war and have been replaced; Moses previously held a pointer, indicating the [[Decalogue]], while Aaron held a censer – he now raises his hands in a blessing.
-Also from All-Hallows-the-Great is the elaborate chandelier, marked "Birmingham 1644".  The organ case is a replica of the 1749 organ case taken from All-Hallows-the-Great but destroyed in the War.  It houses a [[Noel Mander]] [[organ (music)|organ]], as well as, in front of the organ gallery, a rare contemporary representation of [[William III of England|King William III]]'s [[coat of arms|arms]].
+Also from All-Hallows-the-Great is the elaborate chandelier, marked "Birmingham 1644". The organ case is a replica of the 1749 organ case taken from All-Hallows-the-Great but destroyed in the War. It houses a [[Noel Mander]] [[organ (music)|organ]], as well as, in front of the organ gallery, a rare contemporary representation of [[William III of England|King William III]]'s [[coat of arms|arms]].
 The pulpit, [[communion rail]]s and lectern date from the seventeenth century, but the rest of the woodwork was installed in the 1960s.
@@ Line 95: / Line 94: @@
 ==Burials==
 *[[Richard Whittington]] (c. 1354–1423), though his tomb is now lost
+*[[Samuel Pennant]]
 ==See also==
-{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
+{{Portal|Christianity|London}}
 * [[List of churches and cathedrals of London]]
 * [[List of Christopher Wren churches in London]]
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Michael Paternoster Royal}}
-[[Category:Christopher Wren churches in London]]
+[[Category:Christopher Wren church buildings in London]]
-[[Category:Church of England churches in the City of London]]
+[[Category:Church of England church buildings in the City of London]]
-[[Category:English Baroque architecture]]
+[[Category:English Baroque church buildings]]
-[[Category:Grade I listed churches in London]]
 [[Category:Churches bombed by the Luftwaffe in London|Paternoster Royal]]
 [[Category:17th-century Church of England church buildings]]
 [[Category:Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Diocese of London]]
-[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the City of London]]
+[[Category:Grade I listed churches in the City of London]]

v t e Churches in the City of London
extant churches	All Hallows-by-the-Tower All Hallows-on-the-Wall City Temple Dutch Church, Austin Friars St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe St Andrew, Holborn St Andrew Undershaft St Anne and St Agnes St Bartholomew-the-Great St Bartholomew-the-Less St Benet, Paul's Wharf St Botolph, Aldersgate St Botolph, Aldgate St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate St Bride, Fleet Street St Clement, Eastcheap St Dunstan-in-the-West St Edmund, King and Martyr St Ethelburga, Bishopsgate St Giles, Cripplegate St Helen, Bishopsgate St James, Garlickhythe St Katharine Cree St Lawrence Jewry St Magnus the Martyr St Margaret Lothbury St Margaret Pattens St Martin, Ludgate St Mary Abchurch St Mary Aldermary St Mary Moorfields St Mary Woolnoth St Mary-at-Hill St Mary-le-Bow St Michael, Cornhill St Michael, Paternoster Royal St Nicholas, Cole Abbey St Olave, Hart Street St Paul's Cathedral St Peter upon Cornhill St Sepulchre-without-Newgate St Stephen Walbrook St Vedast alias Foster Temple Church
churches of which only the tower remains	All Hallows Staining Christ Church, Greyfriars St Alban, Wood Street St Alphage London Wall St Augustine, Watling Street St Dunstan-in-the-East St Martin Orgar St Mary Somerset St Olave, Old Jewry
churches rebuilt after the Great Fire but since demolished	All Hallows Bread Street All Hallows Lombard Street All-Hallows-the-Great St Antholin, Budge Row St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange St Benet Fink St Benet Gracechurch St Christopher le Stocks St Dionis Backchurch St George Botolph Lane St Katherine Coleman St Mary Aldermanbury St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street St Matthew Friday Street St Michael Bassishaw St Michael, Crooked Lane St Michael Queenhithe St Michael Wood Street St Mildred, Bread Street St Mildred, Poultry St Stephen Coleman Street St Swithin, London Stone
churches destroyed in the Great Fire and not rebuilt	All Hallows Honey Lane All-Hallows-the-Less Holy Trinity the Less St Andrew Hubbard St Ann Blackfriars St Benet Sherehog St Botolph Billingsgate St Faith under St Paul's St Gabriel Fenchurch St Gregory by St Paul's St John the Baptist upon Walbrook St John the Evangelist Friday Street St John Zachary St Laurence Pountney St Leonard, Eastcheap St Leonard, Foster Lane St Margaret Moses St Margaret, New Fish Street St Martin Pomary St Martin Vintry St Mary Bothaw St Mary Colechurch St Mary Magdalen Milk Street St Mary Mounthaw St Mary Staining St Mary Woolchurch Haw St Michael-le-Querne St Nicholas Acons St Nicholas Olave St Olave, Silver Street St Pancras, Soper Lane St Peter, Paul's Wharf St Peter, Westcheap St Thomas the Apostle
other former churches	College of Minor Canons Holy Trinity Gough Square Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate Hospital of St Thomas of Acre Old St Paul's Cathedral St Audoen within Newgate St Augustine Papey St James Duke's Place St Martin Outwich St Mary Axe St Nicholas Shambles St Peter le Poer