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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
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|name = ''Billardiera''
|name = Apple berry
⚫
|image = Billardiera scandens(cropped).jpg
|image = Apple-Berry in flower (5067549242).jpg
|image_caption = This plate, engraved by [[James Sowerby]] and published in ''[[A specimen of the botany of New Holland]]'' (1793) along with the original description of the plant, has since been designated the [[lectotype]] for the species.<ref name="Cayser 2004">{{cite journal | author = Cayzer, L. W.; Crisp, M. D.; Telford, I. R. H. | year = 2004 | title = Cladistic analysis and revision of ''Billardiera'' (Pittosporaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1071/SB03028 | pages = 83}}</ref>
|image_caption = ''Billardiera scandens'' growing in [[Como, New South Wales|Como]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|image2 = Billardiera scandens Lawson fruit email.jpg
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|image2_caption = Fruit
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|genus = Billardiera
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
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|species = scandens
|ordo = [[Apiales]]
|authority = [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Billardiera scandens'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/55543 |publisher=Australian Plant Census |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
|familia = [[Pittosporaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Billardiera]]''
|range_map = Billardiera scandens DistributionMap18.png
|range_map_caption = Occurrence data from [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
⚫
|species = '''''B. scandens'''''
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
|binomial = ''Billardiera scandens''
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|
|binomial_authority = [[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]
* ''Billardiera angustifolia'' <small>[[DC.]]</small>
⚫
|}}
* ''Billardiera brachyantha'' <small>[[F.Muell.]] nom. inval., nom. nud.</small>
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'''''Billardiera scandens''''', commonly known as '''Apple Berry''' or '''Apple Dumpling''',<ref name="APCND">{{cite web | title = Australian Plant Common Names Database | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/ | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}</ref> is a small shrub or twining plant of the [[Pittosporaceae]] family which occurs in forests in the coastal and tableland areas of all states and territories in [[Australia]], apart from the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Wrigley J.W. and Fagg M.|year=1979|title=Australian Native Plants|publisher=William Collins Publishers Sydney, Australia|isbn=0-00-216416-7}}</ref> It has a silky touch and appearance that becomes more brittle as the dense growth matures. The [[inflorescence]] consists of a single or paired yellow [[flower]]s, pink-tinged yellow [[sepal]]s and bright yellow petals and is attached to a hairy drooping [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]. The summer flush produces [[fruit]] of oblong berries up to 30&nbsp;mm long, initially green in colour and covered in fine hair - somewhat akin to a tiny [[kiwifruit]] in appearance.
* ''Billardiera brachyantha'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt|Klatt]]</small>
* ''Billardiera brachyantha'' <small>F.Muell. ex Klatt</small> var. ''brachyantha''
*? ''Billardiera brachyantha'' var. ''phyllocalyx'' <small>Klatt</small>
* ''Billardiera canariensis'' <small>[[J.C.Wendl.]]</small>
*? ''Billardiera daphnoides'' <small>[[George Beauchamp Knowles|Knowles]] & [[Westc.]]</small>
* ''Billardiera grandiflora'' <small>[[Alois (Aloys) Putterlick|Putt.]] [[nom. illeg.]], nom. superfl.</small>
* ''Billardiera grandiflora'' <small>Putt.</small>
* ''Billardiera latifolia'' <small> Putt. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.</small>
* ''Billardiera latifolia'' <small>Putt.</small>
* ''Billardiera scandens'' var. ''brachyantha'' <small>(F.Muell. ex Klatt) [[Benth.]]</small>
* ''Billardiera scandens'' <small>Sm.</small> var. ''scandens''
* ''Billardiera scandens var. sericata'' <small>[[E.M.Benn.]] p.p.</small>
* ''Labillardiera scandens'' <small>(Sm.) [[Schult.]]</small>
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}}
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}}


⚫
'''''Billardiera scandens''''', commonly known as '''apple berry''' or '''apple dumpling''',<ref name="APCND">{{cite web | title = Australian Plant Common Names Database | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/ | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}</ref> is a small shrub or twining plant of the [[Pittosporaceae]] family which occurs in forests in the coastal and tableland areas of all states and territories in [[Australia]], apart from the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Wrigley J.W. |author2=Fagg M. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979|title=Australian Native Plants|publisher=William Collins Publishers Sydney, Australia|isbn=0-00-216416-7}}</ref> It has a silky touch and appearance that becomes more brittle as the dense growth matures. The [[inflorescence]] consists of single or paired yellow [[flower]]s, pink-tinged yellow [[sepal]]s and bright yellow petals and is attached to a hairy drooping [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]. The summer flush produces [[fruit]] of oblong berries up to 30&nbsp;mm long, initially green in colour and covered in fine hair - somewhat akin to a tiny [[kiwifruit]] in appearance.<ref name="RBGS">{{cite web|last1=Conn|first1=Barry J.|title=''Billardiera scandens''|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Billardiera~scandens|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney|accessdate=4 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="RBGV">{{cite web|title=''Billardiera scandens''|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6c325a2f-c22e-4773-83ae-6c5a2a810385|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria|accessdate=4 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="ANPSA" />
⚫
''B.&nbsp;scandens'' was first published in 1793 by [[James Edward Smith]], in his ''[[A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland]]''. In 1819 the genus was renamed ''Labillardiera'' by [[Josef August Schultes]], but this was later declared illegal under the laws of [[botanical nomenclature]]. A [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of the genus in 2004 resulted in an expanded circumscription of this species, encompassing material that was previously placed in ''B.&nbsp;angustifolia'', ''B.&nbsp;brachyantha'', ''B.&nbsp;daphnoides'', ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'' and ''B.&nbsp;canariensis''. All of these names are now considered [[taxonomic synonym]]s of ''B.&nbsp;scandens''.<ref name="APNI 834">{{APNI | name = ''Billardiera scandens'' Sm. | id = 834}}</ref>


==Taxonomy and naming==
There are two varieties:
⚫
''Billardiera scandens'' was first formally described in 1793 by [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]], and the description was published in his book ''[[A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland]]''. In 1819 the genus was renamed ''Labillardiera'' by [[Josef August Schultes]], but this was later declared illegal under the laws of [[botanical nomenclature]]. A [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of the genus in 2004 resulted in an expanded circumscription of this species, encompassing material that was previously placed in ''B.&nbsp;angustifolia'', ''B.&nbsp;brachyantha'', ''B.&nbsp;daphnoides'', ''B.&nbsp;latifolia'' and ''B.&nbsp;canariensis''. All of these names are now considered [[taxonomic synonym]]s of ''B.&nbsp;scandens''.<ref name="APNI 834">{{APNI | name = ''Billardiera scandens'' Sm. | id = 834}}</ref>
* ''Billardiera scandens'' var. ''scandens'' - Leaves linear to ovate with lower surface glabrous pubescent;
* ''Billardiera scandens'' var. ''sericata'' - Leaves elliptic to narrow-elliptic with with lower surface silky-villous.<ref> Plant profile: ''Billardiera scandens'', NSW Flora Inline [http://pngplants.org/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Billardiera~scandens]</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
The flowers and fruit are attractive to both birds and people. The fruits, which only ripen after dropping to the ground, are valued as an Australian [[bush food]] and are variously described as tasting like stewed [[apple]]s or kiwifruit. They were eaten by [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]] either in their ripened state or by roasting the unripened fruit. Botanist [[Joseph Maiden]] noted in 1898 that children of European settlers in the [[Port Jackson]] area, where it is commonly found, had been eating the berries since the foundation of the settlement in 1788. <ref>{{cite book|author=Low,T.| title=Wild Food Plants Of Australia| publisher=Angus & Robertson|location= Australia | year=1991 | isbn=0207169306}}</ref>
The flowers and fruit of apple berry are attractive to both birds and people. The fruits, which only ripen after dropping to the ground, are valued as an Australian [[bush food]] and are variously described as tasting like stewed [[apple]]s or kiwifruit. [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] eat these as bush food either in their ripened state or by roasting the unripened fruit. Botanist [[Joseph Maiden]] noted in 1898 that children of European settlers in the [[Port Jackson]] area, where it is commonly found, had been eating the berries since the foundation of the settlement in 1788.<ref>{{cite book|author=Low,T.| title=Wild Food Plants Of Australia| publisher=Angus & Robertson|location= Australia | year=1991 | isbn=0-207-16930-6}}</ref> He also noted in 1889 that it was commonly referred to as "Apple Berry" and that "The berries are acid and pleasant when fully ripe. From their shape children call them "dumplings." When unripe, a small quantity of the juice produces very disagreeable and persistent heartburn."<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>


==Use in horticulture==
==Cultivation==
It is a popular choice in Australian [[garden]]s, especially those [[Natural landscaping|favouring indigenous plants]] as a rambling yet non-dominant shrub, especially beneath [[eucalypt]]s and between other [[Flora of Australia|native species]]. The species is also grown in gardens around the world and is easily propagated and maintained. It is an adaptable plant, and will withstand a wide range of conditions, including mild frost, semi-shade and periods of dryness although it performs best in moist conditions. It also tolerates a wide variety of soils, including clay.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greig, D.| title=The Australian Gardener’s Wildflower Catalogue| publisher=Angus & Robertson|location= Australia | year=1987 | isbn=0207154600}}</ref>
Apple berry is a popular choice in Australian gardens, especially those favouring indigenous plants as a rambling yet non-dominant shrub, especially beneath [[eucalypt]]s and between other native species. The species is also grown in gardens around the world and is easily propagated and maintained. It is an adaptable plant, and will withstand a wide range of conditions, including mild frost, semi-shade and periods of dryness although it performs best in moist conditions. It also tolerates a wide variety of soils, including clay.<ref>{{cite book|author=Greig, D.| title=The Australian Gardener's Wildflower Catalogue| publisher=Angus & Robertson|location= Australia | year=1987 | isbn=0-207-15460-0}}</ref><ref name="ANPSA">{{cite web|title=''Billardiera scandens''|url=http://anpsa.org.au/b-sca.html|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society Australia|accessdate=4 February 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}}
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite web | url = http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Billardiera~scandens | title = ''Billardiera~scandens'' Sm. | accessdate = 2007-07-13 | author = Conn, B.J. | work =New South Wales Flora Online | publisher =PlantNET }}
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{{Wikisource index}}
*{{cite web | url = http://asgap.org.au/b-sca.html | title = Billardiera scandens | accessdate = 2007-07-13 | date = 2001-05-18 | work = | publisher = Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants
⚫
}}
{{Refend}}
⚫
{{wikisource index}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Billardiera scandens|''Billardiera scandens''}}
*[http://asgap.org.au/jpg/980714.jpg Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants - ''Billardiera scandens'' (photo)]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4911547}}


[[Category:Bushfood]]
[[Category:Bushfood]]
[[Category:Billardiera]]
[[Category:Billardiera|scandens]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Flora of South Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Taxa named by James Edward Smith]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1793]]

Latest revision as of 00:19, 7 May 2023

Apple berry
Billardiera scandens growing in Como
Fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Pittosporaceae
Genus: Billardiera
Species:
B. scandens
Binomial name
Billardiera scandens
Occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Billardiera angustifolia DC.
    • Billardiera brachyantha F.Muell. nom. inval., nom. nud.
    • Billardiera brachyantha F.Muell. ex Klatt
    • Billardiera brachyantha F.Muell. ex Klatt var. brachyantha
    • ? Billardiera brachyantha var. phyllocalyx Klatt
    • Billardiera canariensis J.C.Wendl.
    • ? Billardiera daphnoides Knowles & Westc.
    • Billardiera grandiflora Putt. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
    • Billardiera grandiflora Putt.
    • Billardiera latifolia Putt. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
    • Billardiera latifolia Putt.
    • Billardiera scandens var. brachyantha (F.Muell. ex Klatt) Benth.
    • Billardiera scandens Sm. var. scandens
    • Billardiera scandens var. sericata E.M.Benn. p.p.
    • Labillardiera scandens (Sm.) Schult.

Billardiera scandens, commonly known as apple berry or apple dumpling,[2] is a small shrub or twining plant of the Pittosporaceae family which occurs in forests in the coastal and tableland areas of all states and territories in Australia, apart from the Northern Territory and Western Australia.[3] It has a silky touch and appearance that becomes more brittle as the dense growth matures. The inflorescence consists of single or paired yellow flowers, pink-tinged yellow sepals and bright yellow petals and is attached to a hairy drooping peduncle. The summer flush produces fruit of oblong berries up to 30 mm long, initially green in colour and covered in fine hair - somewhat akin to a tiny kiwifruit in appearance.[4][5][6]

Taxonomy and naming[edit]

Billardiera scandens was first formally described in 1793 by James Edward Smith, and the description was published in his book A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland. In 1819 the genus was renamed Labillardiera by Josef August Schultes, but this was later declared illegal under the laws of botanical nomenclature. A cladistic analysis of the genus in 2004 resulted in an expanded circumscription of this species, encompassing material that was previously placed in B. angustifolia, B. brachyantha, B. daphnoides, B. latifolia and B. canariensis. All of these names are now considered taxonomic synonyms of B. scandens.[7]

Uses[edit]

The flowers and fruit of apple berry are attractive to both birds and people. The fruits, which only ripen after dropping to the ground, are valued as an Australian bush food and are variously described as tasting like stewed apples or kiwifruit. Aboriginal Australians eat these as bush food either in their ripened state or by roasting the unripened fruit. Botanist Joseph Maiden noted in 1898 that children of European settlers in the Port Jackson area, where it is commonly found, had been eating the berries since the foundation of the settlement in 1788.[8] He also noted in 1889 that it was commonly referred to as "Apple Berry" and that "The berries are acid and pleasant when fully ripe. From their shape children call them "dumplings." When unripe, a small quantity of the juice produces very disagreeable and persistent heartburn."[9]

Use in horticulture[edit]

Apple berry is a popular choice in Australian gardens, especially those favouring indigenous plants as a rambling yet non-dominant shrub, especially beneath eucalypts and between other native species. The species is also grown in gardens around the world and is easily propagated and maintained. It is an adaptable plant, and will withstand a wide range of conditions, including mild frost, semi-shade and periods of dryness although it performs best in moist conditions. It also tolerates a wide variety of soils, including clay.[10][6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Billardiera scandens". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Australian Plant Common Names Database". Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  3. ^ Wrigley J.W. & Fagg M. (1979). Australian Native Plants. William Collins Publishers Sydney, Australia. ISBN 0-00-216416-7.
  4. ^ Conn, Barry J. "Billardiera scandens". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  5. ^ "Billardiera scandens". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Billardiera scandens". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  7. ^ "Billardiera scandens Sm". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  8. ^ Low,T. (1991). Wild Food Plants Of Australia. Australia: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-16930-6.
  9. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  10. ^ Greig, D. (1987). The Australian Gardener's Wildflower Catalogue. Australia: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-15460-0.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Billardiera scandens

External links[edit]

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