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| authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843
| authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 27, see text.
| subdivision = 30, see text.
}}
}}


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==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==
''Rhabdophis'' is often thought of as completely harmless, but there are several cases of severe envenomation and at least one recorded fatality from the [[Rhabdophis_tigrinus|Japanese species]].<ref name="deathreport">{{cite journal |last1=Mittleman |first1=M. B. |author-link=species:Myron Budd Mittleman |last2=Goris |first2=R. C. |title=Death Caused by the Bite of the Japanese Colubrid Snake ''Rhabdophis tigrinus'' (Boie) (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae) |journal=Journal of Herpetology |publisher=JSTOR |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=27 February 1978 |issn=0022-1511 |doi=10.2307/1563518 |pages=109–111|jstor=1563518 }}</ref> The symptoms have been compared to those of highly venomous African [[Colubridae|colubrids]] such as the [[boomslang]].<ref name="deathreport"/> Similar reports exist for other species of the genus,<ref name="envenomation">Nelwan, Erni Juwita, et al. (2016)."Severe coagulopathy and transient hypertension following a ''Rhabdophis subminiatus'' bite: a case report". ''Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical'' [online]. '''49''' (4): 520–522. [Accessed&nbsp;16 November 2021]. Available from: <https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0314-2015>. ISSN 1678-9849. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0314-2015.</ref> which also make reference to the highly [[Bleeding|hemorrhagic]] nature of the venom. There is a supposed antivenom in Japan, but not in other countries.<ref name="envenomation"/>
Rhabdophis are classified under Colubriadae family and are harmless to humans.

While the term "poisonous snake" is often incorrectly used for a wide variety of [[venomous snake]]s, some species of ''Rhabdophis'' are in fact poisonous. Keelback snakes have salivary glands that secrete poison they ingest from eating poisonous toads. While both [[venom]] and [[poison]] are [[toxin]]s, a venom requires direct delivery, for instance subcutaneously through a snake bite, but can be ingested without harm. A poison can also be absorbed indirectly, e.g., by touch or through the digestive system,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oldfield |first1=Molly |last2=Mitchinson |first2=John |title=QI: Quite Interesting facts about deadly poisons |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/7995002/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-deadly-poisons.html |work=The Telegraph |date=10 September 2010 }}</ref> or delivered by the fang of a poisonous snake.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zotz |first1=R. B. |last2=Mebs |first2=D. |last3=Hirche |first3=H. |last4=Paar |first4=D. |title=Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red-necked keelback snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus) |journal=Toxicon |date=1 January 1991 |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1501–1508 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(91)90006-D |pmid=1801326 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferlan |first1=I. |last2=Ferlan |first2=A. |last3=King |first3=T. |last4=Russell |first4=F. E. |title=Preliminary studies on the venom of the colubrid snake Rhabdophis subminatus (red-necked keelback) |journal=Toxicon |date=1 January 1983 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=570–574 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(83)90137-X |pmid=6623495 }}</ref>
While the term "poisonous snake" is often incorrectly used for a wide variety of [[venomous snake]]s, some species of ''Rhabdophis'' are in fact poisonous but not venomous. Keelback snakes have salivary glands that secrete poison they ingest from eating poisonous toads. While both [[venom]] and [[poison]] are [[toxin]]s, a venom requires direct delivery, for instance subcutaneously through a snake bite, but can be ingested without harm. A poison can also be absorbed indirectly, e.g., by touch or through the digestive system,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oldfield |first1=Molly |last2=Mitchinson |first2=John |title=QI: Quite Interesting facts about deadly poisons |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/7995002/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-deadly-poisons.html |work=The Telegraph |date=10 September 2010 }}</ref> or delivered by the fang of a poisonous snake.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zotz |first1=R. B. |last2=Mebs |first2=D. |last3=Hirche |first3=H. |last4=Paar |first4=D. |title=Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red-necked keelback snake (''Rhabdophis subminiatus'') |journal=Toxicon |date=1 January 1991 |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1501–1508 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(91)90006-D |pmid=1801326 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferlan |first1=I. |last2=Ferlan |first2=A. |last3=King |first3=T. |last4=Russell |first4=F. E. |title=Preliminary studies on the venom of the colubrid snake ''Rhabdophis subminatus'' [sic] (red-necked keelback) |journal=Toxicon |date=1 January 1983 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=570–574 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(83)90137-X |pmid=6623495 }}</ref>
Rhabdophis ingest poisonous toads and the poison is absorbed into their blood stream, but the snake is immune to it. The toad poison now accumulates in their salivary glands which is secreted when they bite next time. Therefore, they use toad poison as their venom. Although this is harmful to small rodents, they cannot harm humans as the concentration of poison secreted is very low.
''Rhabdophis'' ingest poisonous toads and the poison is absorbed into their blood stream, but the snake is immune to it. The toad poison now accumulates in their salivary glands which is secreted when they bite. Therefore, they use toad poison as their venom. Although this is harmful to small rodents, they cannot harm humans as the concentration of poison secreted is very low.


==Species==
==Species==
These [[species]] are recognized as being valid:<ref>{{EMBL genus|genus=Rhabdophis}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
These [[species]] are recognized as being valid:<ref>{{EMBL genus|genus=Rhabdophis}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
*''[[Rhabdophis adleri]]'' {{small|[[Er-mi Zhao|Zhao]], 1997}}
*''[[Rhabdophis adleri]]'' {{small|[[Er-mi Zhao|Zhao]], 1997}}
*''[[Rhabdophis akrios]]'' {{small|[[Giuliano Doria|Doria]] et al., 2013}}
*''[[Rhabdophis akraios]]'' {{small|[[species:Giuliano Doria|Doria]], [[species:Massimo Petri|Petri]], [[species:Adriana Bellati|Bellati]], [[species:Micaela Tiso|Tiso]] & [[species:Erika Pistarino|Pistarino]], 2013}} – Singalang keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis angeli]]'' {{small|([[René Léon Bourret|Bourret]], 1934)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis angeli]]'' {{small|([[René Léon Bourret|Bourret]], 1934)}} – Angel's keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis auriculatus]]'' {{small|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1858)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis auriculatus]]'' {{small|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1858)}} – white-lined water snake
*''[[Rhabdophis barbouri]]'' {{small|([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], 1922)}} – [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour's]] water snake<ref name="EDR">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Rhabdophis barbouri'', p. 16; ''R. swinhonis'', p. 258).</ref>
*''[[Rhabdophis barbouri]]'' {{small|([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], 1922)}} – [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour's]] water snake<ref name="EDR">[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Rhabdophis barbouri'', p. 16; ''R. swinhonis'', p. 258).</ref>
*''[[Rhabdophis bindi]]'' {{small|[[species:Indraneil Das|Das]], [[species:Eric Nelson Smith|E.N. Smith]], [[species:Irvan Sidik|Sidik]], [[species:Goutam C. Sarker|Sarker]], [[species:Bitupan Boruah|Boruah]], [[species:Naitik G. Patel|N.G. Patel]], [[species:B.H.C.K. Murthy|Murthy]] & [[species:Veerappan Deepak|Deepak]], 2021}} – Bindee keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis callichroma]]'' {{small|(Bourret, 1934)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis callistus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1873)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis callichroma]]'' {{small|(Bourret, 1934)}} – Bavi keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis ceylonensis]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis callistus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1873)}} – Boettger's keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis chiwen]]'' {{small|Chen, Ding, Chen, & Piao, 2020}} – Chiwen keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis ceylonensis]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} – Sri Lanka blossom krait, Sri Lanka keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis chiwen]]'' {{small|[[species:Ze-Ning Chen|Z. Chen]], [[species:Li Ding|Ding]], [[species:Qin Chen|Q. Chen]] & [[species:Yige Piao|Piao]], 2020}} – Chiwen keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis chrysargoides]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis chrysargoides]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} – Javanese keelback, Günther's keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis chrysargos]]'' {{small|([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)}} – specklebelly keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis chrysargos]]'' {{small|([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)}} – specklebelly keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis conspicillatus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1872)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis confusus]]'' {{small|[[species:Patrick David|David]] & [[species:Gernot Vogel|G. Vogel]], 2021}}
*''[[Rhabdophis flaviceps]]'' {{small|([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis conspicillatus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1872)}} – red-bellied keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis flaviceps]]'' {{small|([[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1854)}} – orangeneck keelback, orange-lipped keelback, yellow-headed keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis guangdongensis]]'' {{small|[[Guang-xiang Zhu|Zhu]] et al., 2014}}
*''[[Rhabdophis guangdongensis]]'' {{small|[[species:Guang-Xiang Zhu|Zhu]], [[species:Ying-Yong Wang|Wang]], [[species:Hirohiko Takeuchi|Takeuchi]] & Zhao, 2014}} – Guangdong keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis helleri]]'' {{small|([[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1925)}} – Heller’s red-necked keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis himalayanus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1864)}} – orange-collared keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis himalayanus]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1864)}} – orange-collared keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis hmongorum]]'' {{small|(Kane, Tapley, La & Nguyen, 2023)}} – H’mong keelback snake
*''[[Rhabdophis leonardi]]'' {{small|([[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1923)}} – Burmese keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis leonardi]]'' {{small|([[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1923)}} – Burmese keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis lineatus]]'' {{small|([[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1861)}} – zigzag-lined water snake
*''[[Rhabdophis lineatus]]'' {{small|([[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1861)}} – zigzag-lined water snake
*''[[Rhabdophis murudensis]]'' {{small|([[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1925)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis murudensis]]'' {{small|([[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1925)}} – Muruden keelback, Gunung Murud keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis nigrocinctus]]'' {{small|([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1856)}} – black-striped keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis nigrocinctus]]'' {{small|([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1856)}} – black-striped keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis nuchalis]]'' {{small|([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1891)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis nuchalis]]'' {{small|([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1891)}} – Hubei keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis]]'' {{small|[[Yao-ming Jiang|Jiang]] & Zhao, 1983}}
*''[[Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis]]'' {{small|[[species:Yao-Ming Jiang|Jiang]] & Zhao, 1983}}
*''[[Rhabdophis plumbicolor]]'' {{small|([[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1839)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis plumbicolor]]'' {{small|([[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1839)}} – green keelback, lead keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis rhodomelas]]'' {{small|([[Heinrich Boie|Boie]], 1827)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis rhodomelas]]'' {{small|([[Heinrich Boie|H. Boie]], 1827)}} – blueneck keelback, blue-necked keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis spilogaster]]'' {{small|([[Friedrich Boie|F. Boie]], 1827)}} – northern water snake
*''[[Rhabdophis siamensis]]'' {{small|([[Rudolf Mell|Mell]], 1931)}}
*''[[Rhabdophis subminiatus]]'' {{small|(Schlegel, 1837)}} – red-necked keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis subminiatus]]'' {{small|(Schlegel, 1837)}} – red-necked keelback
*''[[Rhabdophis swinhonis]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1868)}} – [[Robert Swinhoe|Swinhoe's]] grass snake<ref name="EDR"/>
*''[[Rhabdophis swinhonis]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1868)}} – [[Robert Swinhoe|Swinhoe's]] grass snake<ref name="EDR"/>
*''[[Rhabdophis tigrinus]]'' {{small|([[Heinrich Boie|H. Boie]], 1826)}} – tiger grooved-neck keelback, tiger keelback, Japanese grass snake, ''yamakagashi''
*''[[Rhabdophis tigrinus]]'' {{small|(H. Boie, 1826)}} – tiger grooved-neck keelback, tiger keelback, Japanese grass snake, ''yamakagashi''


''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Rhabdophis''.
''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Rhabdophis''.
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poison</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poison|title = Definition of POISON}}</ref>


==External links==
==External links==
Line 58: Line 63:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger L]] (1843). ''Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae''. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (''Rhabdophis'', new genus, p.&nbsp;27). (in Latin).
*[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger L]] (1843). ''Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae''. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (''Rhabdophis'', new genus, p.&nbsp;27). (in Latin).



{{Taxonbar|from=Q1996924}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1996924}}

Latest revision as of 03:56, 9 September 2023

Rhabdophis
Rhabdophis subminiatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Natricinae
Genus: Rhabdophis
Fitzinger, 1843
Species

30, see text.

Rhabdophis is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. Species in the genus Rhabdophis are generally called keelback snakes, and are found primarily in Southeast Asia.

Toxicity[edit]

Rhabdophis is often thought of as completely harmless, but there are several cases of severe envenomation and at least one recorded fatality from the Japanese species.[1] The symptoms have been compared to those of highly venomous African colubrids such as the boomslang.[1] Similar reports exist for other species of the genus,[2] which also make reference to the highly hemorrhagic nature of the venom. There is a supposed antivenom in Japan, but not in other countries.[2]

While the term "poisonous snake" is often incorrectly used for a wide variety of venomous snakes, some species of Rhabdophis are in fact poisonous but not venomous. Keelback snakes have salivary glands that secrete poison they ingest from eating poisonous toads. While both venom and poison are toxins, a venom requires direct delivery, for instance subcutaneously through a snake bite, but can be ingested without harm. A poison can also be absorbed indirectly, e.g., by touch or through the digestive system,[3] or delivered by the fang of a poisonous snake.[4][5] Rhabdophis ingest poisonous toads and the poison is absorbed into their blood stream, but the snake is immune to it. The toad poison now accumulates in their salivary glands which is secreted when they bite. Therefore, they use toad poison as their venom. Although this is harmful to small rodents, they cannot harm humans as the concentration of poison secreted is very low.

Species[edit]

These species are recognized as being valid:[6]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Rhabdophis.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Mittleman, M. B.; Goris, R. C. (27 February 1978). "Death Caused by the Bite of the Japanese Colubrid Snake Rhabdophis tigrinus (Boie) (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae)". Journal of Herpetology. 12 (1). JSTOR: 109–111. doi:10.2307/1563518. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1563518.
  2. ^ a b Nelwan, Erni Juwita, et al. (2016)."Severe coagulopathy and transient hypertension following a Rhabdophis subminiatus bite: a case report". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical [online]. 49 (4): 520–522. [Accessed 16 November 2021]. Available from: <https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0314-2015>. ISSN 1678-9849. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0314-2015.
  3. ^ Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (10 September 2010). "QI: Quite Interesting facts about deadly poisons". The Telegraph.
  4. ^ Zotz, R. B.; Mebs, D.; Hirche, H.; Paar, D. (1 January 1991). "Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red-necked keelback snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus)". Toxicon. 29 (12): 1501–1508. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90006-D. PMID 1801326.
  5. ^ Ferlan, I.; Ferlan, A.; King, T.; Russell, F. E. (1 January 1983). "Preliminary studies on the venom of the colubrid snake Rhabdophis subminatus [sic] (red-necked keelback)". Toxicon. 21 (4): 570–574. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90137-X. PMID 6623495.
  6. ^ Genus Rhabdophis at The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  7. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Rhabdophis barbouri, p. 16; R. swinhonis, p. 258).

[1]

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Rhabdophis, new genus, p. 27). (in Latin).


  1. ^ "Definition of POISON".
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